Nokea
As the hospital employee health nurse,you are completing a health history for a newly hired nursing assistant. Which information given by the new employee most indicates the need for further nursing action prior to orienting the nursing assistant to patient care?
- A. The new employee takes enalapril (Vasotec) for hypertension.
- B. The new employee is allergic to bananas,avocados and papayas.
- C. The new employee received a tetanus vaccination 3 years ago.
- D. The new employee’s TB skin test has a 5-mm induration at 48 hours.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 5-mm induration on a TB skin test is considered positive in healthcare workers indicating possible exposure to tuberculosis. This requires further evaluation and possibly treatment before the nursing assistant can safely care for patients. The other information while important does not pose an immediate risk to patient care.
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Which of the following statements about the functions of Ig is NOT correct
- A. IgM are the best at activating complement
- B. IgM bound to antigens are also the best at facilitating phagocytosis through the Fc receptor
- C. Antibodies can neutralize bacterial toxins
- D. Antibodies can inhibit binding of toxins to their receptors on host cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because IgG, not IgM, is the best at facilitating phagocytosis through the Fc receptor. IgM is the best at activating complement (A), antibodies can neutralize bacterial toxins (C), and antibodies can inhibit binding of toxins to their receptors on host cells (D). IgM primarily activates complement, while IgG is more efficient at facilitating phagocytosis through the Fc receptor. This distinction is crucial in understanding the functions of different immunoglobulins.
How do NK cells kill target cells?
- A. By producing antibodies
- B. Through secretion of cytokines
- C. By releasing perforin and granzyme
- D. By phagocytosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. NK cells kill target cells by releasing perforin and granzyme. Perforin creates pores in the target cell's membrane, allowing granzyme to enter and induce apoptosis. Antibodies (choice A) are produced by B cells, not NK cells. Cytokines (choice B) regulate immune responses but do not directly kill cells. Phagocytosis (choice D) involves engulfing and digesting pathogens, which is not how NK cells kill target cells.
Which antibody isotype is involved in allergic reactions?
- A. IgG
- B. IgM
- C. IgA
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgE. IgE is the antibody isotype involved in allergic reactions. It binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergic symptoms. IgG (choice A) is involved in long-term immunity, IgM (choice B) is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, and IgA (choice C) is mainly found in mucosal areas and helps prevent pathogens from entering the body. IgE is specifically associated with allergic responses due to its role in triggering the release of inflammatory mediators in response to allergens.
Which nutrients aid in capillary synthesis and collagen production by the fibroblasts in wound healing?
- A. Fats
- B. Proteins
- C. Vitamin C
- D. Vitamin A
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin C plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for wound healing. It supports the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and strengthens connective tissue.
Determine the following diseases that are not thought to be an autoimmune disease.
- A. Rheumatoid arthritis
- B. Multiple sclerosis
- C. Cancer of the bone marrow
- D. Insulin-dependent diabetes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Cancer of the bone marrow. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes are autoimmune diseases where the immune system targets specific tissues or organs. Cancer of the bone marrow, on the other hand, is a result of uncontrolled cell growth and division, not a malfunction of the immune system attacking the body's own tissues. Therefore, it is not considered an autoimmune disease.