Nokea
Electrolytes create _____, which is caused by water following electrolytes within or between cells.
- A. energy
- B. active transport
- C. passive diffusion
- D. osmotic pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osmotic pressure is the force that drives water movement across cell membranes due to the presence of electrolytes, helping to balance fluid levels in the body. Choice A, 'energy,' is incorrect as electrolytes do not directly create energy. Choice B, 'active transport,' refers to the movement of molecules across a cell membrane requiring energy, not the movement of water. Choice C, 'passive diffusion,' is the process by which substances move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, not related to the movement of water following electrolytes.
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During nutritional counseling, what is the most important step to take?
- A. Consult the patient's family
- B. Formulate a sample diet plan before presenting it to the patient
- C. Include members of the dental team in the dietary formulation
- D. Include the patient in the formulation of the dietary plan
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During nutritional counseling, the most important step is to include the patient in the formulation of the dietary plan. This ensures their active involvement, understanding, and commitment to the plan, leading to better compliance and success in achieving nutritional goals. Consulting the patient's family (Choice A) may be helpful but should not replace involving the patient directly. Formulating a sample diet plan before presenting it to the patient (Choice B) may not align with the patient's preferences or needs. Including members of the dental team in the dietary formulation (Choice C) may not be necessary unless specific dental concerns need to be addressed.
Does alcohol contain energy and is therefore a nutrient?
- A. True
- B. False
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alcohol does contain energy and provides calories, but it is not considered a nutrient. Nutrients are substances that contribute to essential bodily functions. While alcohol may have energy, it does not provide essential vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients necessary for the body's health. Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption can have harmful effects on the body, further supporting why alcohol is not classified as a nutrient.
Each of the following is a characteristic of fat, except one. Which is the exception?
- A. 95% of ingested fats are absorbed
- B. Hard fats take longer to digest than soft fats
- C. Fats contribute to palatability and flavor of foods
- D. Cooked fats improve the texture of foods
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Hard fats take longer to digest than soft fats because hard fats are solid at body temperature, making them more challenging to break down. Choice A is true as the majority of ingested fats are absorbed. Choice C is correct as fats indeed contribute to the palatability and flavor of foods. Choice D is accurate as cooked fats can enhance the texture of foods.
Which mineral-containing amino acids help to form the shape of proteins?
- A. phosphorus
- B. sulfur
- C. selenium
- D. iron
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: sulfur. Sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine and methionine play a crucial role in forming disulfide bonds within proteins. These bonds are essential for the proper folding and structural stability of proteins. Phosphorus (choice A), selenium (choice C), and iron (choice D) do not directly contribute to shaping proteins through bond formation.
Which of the following suggestions is the healthiest for Miguel, who is always hungry and never seems to feel full despite eating enough calories?
- A. Switch out energy-dense foods with more nutrient-dense foods that are more likely to make him feel full
- B. Drink adequate amounts of water
- C. A, B
- D. Eat foods with more fat, as fat slows gastric emptying and will make him feel more full
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is A and B. Switching to more nutrient-dense foods can help Miguel feel full despite eating enough calories. Nutrient-dense foods provide essential nutrients and are more satisfying. Drinking adequate water is also crucial for overall health and can help with feelings of fullness. Choice D is incorrect because while fat can contribute to satiety, it should be consumed in balance with other nutrients. Consuming foods with high fat content excessively may lead to other health issues and does not address the underlying problem of feeling constantly hungry despite eating.