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Epigenetic changes play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Question: Which of the following statements about epigenetics is correct?
- A. Epigenetic modifications lead to mutations in DNA
- B. Mutations in DNA lead to epigenetic modifications
- C. Epigenetic modifications only take place at a young age
- D. None of the statements provided above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epigenetics tweaks gene dials no mutations, not from mutations, not age-locked. Diet, stress flip switches anytime, a chronic type 2 player nurses note this, no false leads fit.
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A patient newly diagnosed with cancer is scheduled to begin chemotherapy treatment and the nurse is providing anticipatory guidance about potential adverse effects. When addressing the most common adverse effect, what should the nurse describe?
- A. Pruritis (itching)
- B. Nausea and vomiting
- C. Altered glucose metabolism
- D. Confusion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nausea and vomiting top the chemo side-effect list, hitting most patients due to drugs (e.g., cisplatin, doxorubicin) irritating the gut and triggering the brain's vomiting center. It can last 24-48 hours post-dose, often needing antiemetics like ondansetron. Pruritis might occur with specific agents or reactions, but it's less universal. Glucose metabolism shifts are rare, tied to steroids or endocrine effects, not a chemo hallmark. Confusion could stem from brain mets or fatigue, not a primary effect. Nurses prep patients for this duo nausea and vomiting ensuring they know it's manageable with meds and timing, easing anxiety and boosting adherence in early oncology treatment.
After change-of-shift report on the oncology unit, which patient should the nurse assess first?
- A. Patient who has a platelet count of 82,000/µL after chemotherapy
- B. Patient who has xerostomia after receiving head and neck radiation
- C. Patient who is neutropenic and has a temperature of 100.5°F (38.1°C)
- D. Patient who is worried about getting the prescribed long-acting opioid on time
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutropenia plus 100.5°F screams infection sepsis looms, outranking low platelets (A bleeding's later), dry mouth , or opioid timing . Nurses in oncology bolt here fever in a white-cell wasteland's a killer, needing stat eyes.
Which patient is at greatest risk for pancreatic cancer?
- A. An elderly black male with a history of smoking and alcohol use
- B. A young, white obese female with no known health issues
- C. A young black male with juvenile onset diabetes
- D. An elderly white female with a history of pancreatitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pancreatic cancer risk escalates with specific factors: age, race, smoking, and alcohol. An elderly Black male with smoking and alcohol history tops the list incidence peaks in older adults, Black populations face higher rates, and both habits are strong carcinogens, damaging pancreatic tissue over time. A young, obese white female has obesity as a risk, but youth and fewer exposures lower her odds. A young Black male with diabetes links to a risk factor, yet juvenile onset and age reduce immediate concern. An elderly white female with pancreatitis has a notable risk chronic inflammation predisposes but lacks the compounded impact of smoking and alcohol. The elderly Black male's profile aligns with epidemiological data, making him the nurse's focus for vigilant monitoring and early detection efforts.
A nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with pericarditis. Which of the following is a common assessment finding with this disorder?
- A. Elevated troponin
- B. Pericardial friction rub
- C. Heart failure
- D. ST-segment depression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pericarditis rubs the sac pericardial friction rub, a scratchy sound, marks inflammation, a common find as layers grate. Troponin rises with muscle damage, not here. Heart failure or ST depression hints tamponade or ischemia, not direct. Nurses auscultate this rub, tying it to pericarditis's irritated core, a diagnostic bellwether.
The nurse teaches a patient with cancer of the liver about high-protein, high-calorie diet choices. Which snack choice by the patient indicates that the teaching has been effective?
- A. Lime sherbet
- B. Blueberry yogurt
- C. Fresh strawberries
- D. Cream cheese bagel
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liver cancer tanks metabolism yogurt's protein and fat (high biologic value) fuel repair and calories, beating sherbet's sugar , strawberries' low heft , and cream cheese's protein-light bagel . Nurses in oncology push this dense nutrition fights cachexia, a liver patient's foe, showing teaching stuck.