Nokea
Estimate how likely it would be for a similar epidemic of plague to develop during the current decade.
- A. Unlikely due to modern sanitation and antibiotics.
- B. Likely due to increased travel.
- C. Likely due to climate change.
- D. Unlikely due to genetic immunity.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Modern healthcare, sanitation, and antibiotics significantly reduce the likelihood of a plague epidemic.
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What does routine analysis of notifiable disease data at the state level include?
- A. Number of cases reported this week and during the previous 2-4 weeks.
- B. Number of cases reported this week and during comparable weeks of the previous 2-5 years.
- C. Simultaneous analysis by age, race, and sex of the patient.
- D. Analysis by county.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: County-level analysis helps localize outbreaks or regional differences in disease burden.
You are planning a case-control study of lung cancer to test the hypothesis that vegetable consumption is protective against lung cancer. Would you match on smoking? Explain your answer.
- A. Yes, because smoking is a known confounder for lung cancer.
- B. No, because matching on smoking will introduce overmatching.
- C. Yes, because smoking correlates with vegetable consumption.
- D. No, because smoking is unrelated to vegetable consumption.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Smoking is a strong confounder for lung cancer, and matching on smoking helps ensure comparability between cases and controls, preventing spurious associations.
Why does the line for domestic animals diverge from that of wild animals?
- A. Domestic animals received more vaccinations.
- B. Wild animals are less exposed to humans.
- C. Climate change affected wild animals.
- D. Urbanization reduced domestic animal exposure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vaccination campaigns targeted domestic animals, reducing their rabies incidence compared to wild animals.
The true regarding chi square test:
- A. Null hypothesis is equal
- B. Does not test the significance
- C. Tests correlation and regression
- D. Measures the significance of difference between two proportions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chi-square tests assess differences between observed and expected frequencies.
A wide range of values can be plotted and seen clearly, regardless of magnitude
- A. Arithmetic-scale line graph
- B. Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Semilogarithmic-scale line graphs accommodate wide value ranges effectively.