Nokea
Evolutionary developmental psychology __________.
- A. focuses on how the structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world
- B. seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age
- C. views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
- D. brings together researchers from many fields to study changes in the brain and behavior patterns
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Evolutionary developmental psychology seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age. This field focuses on how psychological traits and behaviors have evolved to enhance survival and reproduction over time. It emphasizes the interaction between evolutionary principles and developmental processes to provide insights into human behavior and cognition. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the primary focus of evolutionary developmental psychology. Choice A is more aligned with cognitive psychology, choice C relates to cognitive science, and choice D could pertain to multidisciplinary approaches but not specifically to evolutionary developmental psychology.
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During the second month of pregnancy, __________.
- A. the umbilical cord first appears as a primitive body stalk
- B. touch sensitivity extends to most of the body
- C. the heart develops separate chambers
- D. the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the second month of pregnancy, the heart of the developing fetus begins to develop separate chambers, forming the structure necessary for a fully functioning heart. This is a significant milestone in the prenatal development process. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the appearance of the umbilical cord as a primitive body stalk typically occurs around week 5-6, touch sensitivity extending to most of the body is more characteristic of the end of the second trimester, and the heartbeat is usually detectable through a stethoscope around the 18th to 20th week of pregnancy, not during the second month.
Mounting evidence suggests that __________ is a major contributor to SIDS.
- A. impaired brain functioning
- B. higher-than-average birth weight
- C. organized and patterned sleep behavior
- D. a family history of chromosomal abnormalities
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Impaired brain functioning is a major contributor to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Research has shown that abnormalities in the brainstem, which controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate, can play a role in SIDS cases. As such, mounting evidence suggests that compromised brain functioning is a significant factor in the occurrence of SIDS. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Higher-than-average birth weight, organized and patterned sleep behavior, and a family history of chromosomal abnormalities are not identified as major contributors to SIDS according to the provided information.
Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.
- A. choose cesarean delivery
- B. give birth at home
- C. are supported by a trained companion during childbirth
- D. are administered epidural analgesia during childbirth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: According to research, mothers who are supported by a trained companion during childbirth have fewer birth complications and shorter labors. This support can reduce stress and anxiety levels, provide comfort and encouragement, and help the mother feel more in control during labor and delivery. Overall, having a trained companion present can contribute to a more positive childbirth experience for the mother. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the research findings that specifically highlight the benefits of having a trained companion during childbirth.
When Baby Ian is held horizontally on his back, he sometimes makes an "embracing" motion by arching his back, extending his legs, throwing his arms outward, and then bringing his arms in toward his body. Ian is demonstrating the __________.
- A. palmar grasp
- B. Moro reflex
- C. tonic neck reflex
- D. Babinski reflex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Baby Ian is demonstrating the Moro reflex. The Moro reflex is a normal newborn reflex that occurs when a baby feels like they are falling or losing support. It is characterized by arching the back, extending the legs, throwing the arms outward, and then bringing the arms in toward the body. This reflex is a primitive survival instinct that typically disappears around 6 months of age. Choice A, palmar grasp, involves the baby's fingers closing around an object when it touches their palm. Choice C, tonic neck reflex, involves the baby assuming a fencing position when their head is turned to one side. Choice D, Babinski reflex, is characterized by the fanning out and curling of the baby's toes when the sole of the foot is stroked.
Dr. O'Connor wants 90-year-old Mr. Takashi to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Takashi is incapable of consenting. Which statement best expresses your advice regarding Mr. Takashi's participation in the study?
- A. He should not be allowed to participate in the study under any circumstances.
- B. He should be allowed to participate in the study regardless of the benefit.
- C. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if his participation will benefit others.
- D. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mr. Takashi should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly. This decision aligns with the principle of beneficence in research ethics, which emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing risks for research participants. Since Mr. Takashi is incapable of giving consent, his participation should be based on the likelihood of direct benefits to him rather than solely for the benefit of others or solely for research purposes. Option A is too restrictive and does not consider potential benefits to Mr. Takashi. Option B is flawed as it disregards the need for the study to benefit Mr. Takashi. Option C focuses on benefiting others, which is not the primary consideration when the participant cannot give consent.