Nokea
Fires from combustibles such as wood require type __________ fire extinguishers.
- A. A
- B. B
- C. C
- D. D
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because fires from combustibles such as wood fall under Class A fires. Type A fire extinguishers are specifically designed to extinguish fires involving ordinary combustible materials like wood, paper, and cloth. Choice B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not correspond to the correct classification of the fire. Choice B refers to Class B fires involving flammable liquids, Choice C refers to Class C fires involving electrical equipment, and Choice D refers to Class D fires involving combustible metals. It is crucial to match the type of fire extinguisher with the type of fire to effectively combat the fire.
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Bacteriology testing is one of the methods for laboratory diagnostics of diphtheria. To grow the
- A. diphtheriae, it is necessary to know the proper conditions for causative agent cultivation. What nutrient media are optimal for Corynebacterium diphtheriae cultivation?
- B. Sugar meat pepton broth, sugar meat pepton agar
- C. Salt egg yolk agar
- D. Endomedium, Ploskirev medium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sugar meat pepton broth, sugar meat pepton agar. These nutrient media are optimal for Corynebacterium diphtheriae cultivation due to their ability to support the growth of this bacterium. Sugar meat pepton broth provides a liquid medium with essential nutrients, while sugar meat pepton agar provides a solid surface for bacterial growth and isolation.
Incorrect choices:
A: Diphtheriae does not require specific conditions for cultivation.
C: Salt egg yolk agar is not commonly used for Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
D: Endomedium and Ploskirev medium are not standard media for diphtheria testing.
Which of the following pathogens can cause meningitis?
- A. Staph. aureus
- B. Strep. pyogenes
- C. Strep. pneumoniae
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for choice C (Strep. pneumoniae):
1. Strep. pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial meningitis.
2. It is a leading pathogen responsible for meningitis in adults and children.
3. It can invade the bloodstream and reach the meninges, causing inflammation.
4. Treatment guidelines often include antibiotics effective against Strep. pneumoniae.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A. Staph. aureus is not a common cause of meningitis.
B. Strep. pyogenes typically causes streptococcal infections but not meningitis.
D. "None of the above" is incorrect as Strep. pneumoniae can cause meningitis.
The class of immunoglobulins most abundant in body is:
- A. IgG
- B. IgE
- C. IgD
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG. IgG is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins in the body, constituting about 75% of total immunoglobulins. IgG plays a crucial role in long-term immunity, neutralizing toxins, and enhancing phagocytosis. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, IgD is mainly found on B cells and functions as a receptor, and IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection but is less abundant compared to IgG. Therefore, IgG is the correct choice based on its abundance and diverse functions in the immune system.
A patient working at a pig farm complains about paroxysmal abdominal pain, liquid feces with admixtures of mucus and blood, headache, weakness, fever. Examination of large intestine revealed ulcers from 1 mm up to several cm large, feces contained oval unicellular organisms with cilia. What disease should be suspected?
- A. Balantidiasis
- B. Amebiasis
- C. Toxoplasmosis
- D. Lambliasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The symptoms described are consistent with Balantidiasis, caused by the parasite Balantidium coli. The presence of ciliated oval organisms in the feces is characteristic of this disease. Ulcers in the large intestine are common in Balantidiasis due to tissue invasion by the parasite. Headache, fever, and abdominal pain are typical symptoms. Other choices can be ruled out: B) Amebiasis presents with similar symptoms but usually involves the liver. C) Toxoplasmosis typically presents with lymphadenopathy and flu-like symptoms. D) Lambliasis usually causes watery diarrhea without blood or mucus. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Balantidiasis.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding B cells?
- A. B cells that recognize high concentrations of antigen (self) in the absence of other signals undergo apoptosis in the bone marrow
- B. Bone marrow stem cells migrate to the thymus and develop into B cells
- C. B cells synthesize antibodies and put them on their cell surface
- D. B cells can undergo class switching and produce a different antibody type
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: B cells develop in the bone marrow, not the thymus. Firstly, hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to B cells. They undergo maturation and selection processes in the bone marrow, not in the thymus. Therefore, choice B is false. On the other hand, choices A, C, and D are correct. A is true because B cells with high affinity to self-antigens undergo apoptosis to prevent autoimmunity. C is true since B cells synthesize antibodies which can be displayed on their surface as B cell receptors. D is true because B cells can undergo class switching to produce different types of antibodies based on the immune response requirements.