For the specific prophylaxis of rabies it is NOT CORRECT that
- A. Ab against rabies virus can be found 14-15 days after immunization
- B. Reinfection is not possible
- C. HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin) is applied in the first few hours after possible infection
- D. Six (5+1) doses of an inactivated vaccine are applied
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because reinfection is indeed possible with rabies virus. Step 1: Reinfection occurs if a person is exposed to the virus again after initial infection. Step 2: Once infected, the virus can remain dormant in the body and become active upon re-exposure. Step 3: Therefore, it is essential to continue preventive measures even after initial immunization. Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because antibodies develop within 14-15 days post-immunization, HRIG is administered shortly after exposure, and a specific vaccination schedule is followed for rabies prophylaxis, respectively.
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Lysozyme acts on the bacterial:
- A. cytoplasm
- B. cell wall
- C. nucleus
- D. capsule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cell wall. Lysozyme is an enzyme that targets the cell wall of bacteria by breaking down the peptidoglycan layer, leading to bacterial cell lysis. This action disrupts the structural integrity of the bacteria, ultimately causing their death. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because lysozyme does not target the cytoplasm, nucleus, or capsule of bacteria. The primary function of lysozyme is to act on the cell wall, making option B the correct answer in this context.
Gram staining is used to differentiate bacteria based on:
- A. size and shape
- B. presence of flagella
- C. cell wall composition
- D. genetic material
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cell wall composition. Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls. It classifies bacteria into Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layer) and Gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layer). This differentiation is crucial for identifying bacterial species and guiding treatment choices. Size and shape (choice A) are not specific to Gram staining. Presence of flagella (choice B) is related to bacterial motility, not Gram staining. Genetic material (choice D) is not directly assessed by Gram staining. Overall, the unique composition of the cell wall is the key factor in distinguishing bacteria through Gram staining.
A wound swab from a patient with severe tissue infection revealed Gram-positive rods in chains producing gas. The bacteria were spore-forming. What is the causative agent?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium is a Gram-positive rod that forms chains and produces gas due to its ability to ferment carbohydrates. It is also spore-forming, which helps it survive harsh conditions. Clostridium perfringens is commonly associated with severe tissue infections and gas gangrene.
Choice B: Bacillus anthracis is also a spore-forming Gram-positive rod but is not typically associated with gas production or severe tissue infections.
Choice C: Clostridium tetani is a spore-forming bacterium that causes tetanus, not severe tissue infections with gas production.
Choice D: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium and does not fit the description provided in the question.
A 37-year-old male was admitted to a hospital complaining of abdominal pain, difficulty in swallowing and breathing, constipation, and nausea. He developed respiratory failure and required endotracheal intubation and ventilation. Two days before, the patient consumed dried salted fish bought from an artisanal producer. Laboratory investigation for infectious pathogen was performed using Kitt-Tarozzi's method. Observation under a bright field microscopy revealed the presence of typical microorganisms with tennis racket appearance. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Botulism
- B. Cholera
- C. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection
- D. Typhoid fever
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Botulism. Botulism is caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria found in improperly preserved or canned foods. The symptoms described align with botulism, such as difficulty swallowing and breathing due to muscle paralysis. The tennis racket appearance seen under microscopy corresponds to the characteristic appearance of Clostridium botulinum spores. The other choices can be ruled out based on the clinical presentation and microscopy findings. Cholera typically presents with severe watery diarrhea, Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection with fever and gastrointestinal symptoms, and Typhoid fever with high fever and abdominal pain. Therefore, the most likely diagnosis in this case is botulism.
Molds belong to which of the following groups of eukaryotic organisms?
- A. Protozoans
- B. Archaea
- C. Fungi
- D. Algae
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fungi. Molds are a type of fungi, which are eukaryotic organisms characterized by having cell walls made of chitin. Fungi are distinct from protozoans (single-celled eukaryotes), archaea (prokaryotes), and algae (photosynthetic eukaryotes). Fungi, including molds, obtain nutrients through absorption and play crucial roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Therefore, molds belong to the group of eukaryotic organisms known as fungi.