Nokea
The following viruses are referred to the Filoviridae family
- A. Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses
- B. Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus
- C. Marburg virus and Ebola virus
- D. Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Marburg virus and Ebola virus belong to the Filoviridae family. These viruses are characterized by their filamentous shape and are known to cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Both viruses have caused outbreaks with high mortality rates.
Choice A (Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses) are not part of the Filoviridae family. They belong to the Arenaviridae family, which also includes viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers.
Choice B (Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus) are arboviruses belonging to the Togaviridae family, which are not related to the Filoviridae family.
Choice D (Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus) are part of the Nairoviridae and Hantaviridae families, respectively, and not the Filoviridae family.
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The patient has developed pain in the axillary area, rise of temperature developed 10 hours ago. On examination: shaky gait is marked, the tongue is coated by white coating. The pulse is frequent. The painful lymphatic nodules are determined in the axillary area. The skin is erythematous and glistering over the lymphatic nodules. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Bubonic plague
- B. Acute purulent lymphadenitis
- C. Lymphogranulomatosis
- D. Tularemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis is D: Tularemia. Tularemia is a bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis. The symptoms described align with tularemia, such as pain in axillary area, fever, shaky gait, coated tongue, frequent pulse, painful lymphatic nodules, and erythematous skin over nodules. The key features pointing towards tularemia are the presence of lymphadenitis in the axillary area and the erythematous, glistering skin over the nodules, which are characteristic of ulceroglandular tularemia. Bubonic plague (A) presents with painful, swollen lymph nodes called buboes but typically lacks the erythematous skin findings. Acute purulent lymphadenitis (B) usually presents with pus-filled lymph nodes but does not typically cause shaky gait or coated tongue. Lymphogranulomatosis (C) is a term for Hodgkin's lymphoma, which does not
A patient with severe abdominal pain had a stool culture revealing non-lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rods that produce gas in nutrient broth. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Salmonella enterica
- B. Shigella dysenteriae
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Proteus vulgaris
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proteus vulgaris. This is because Proteus species are non-lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rods that produce gas in nutrient broth. They are known to cause severe abdominal pain due to their ability to invade the intestinal mucosa.
A: Salmonella enterica is a lactose-fermenting organism and typically does not produce gas in nutrient broth.
B: Shigella dysenteriae is a lactose-negative organism but does not produce gas in nutrient broth.
C: Escherichia coli is a lactose-fermenting organism and does not typically produce gas in nutrient broth.
In summary, the presence of non-lactose-fermenting, gas-producing Gram-negative rods points towards Proteus vulgaris as the most likely causative agent of the severe abdominal pain.
Exotoxins are:
- A. Produced in the microbe cell and then released in the neighbouring...
- B. Produced in the microbe cell and acting into the same cell
- C. Part of the microbe cell and acting into the same cell
- D. Part of the microbe cell, are released outside after cell lysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exotoxins are proteins produced inside the microbe cell and then released outside the cell to exert their toxic effects on neighboring cells or tissues. This is why choice A is correct. Choices B and C are incorrect because exotoxins are not meant to act within the same cell they are produced in. Choice D is incorrect because exotoxins are usually released without causing cell lysis; they are secreted by the microbe actively rather than being leaked out due to cell damage.
Examples for chemical vaccines are:
- A. Salk vaccine
- B. HPV vaccine
- C. Sabin vaccine
- D. Shiga anatoxin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Shiga anatoxin. This is because the Salk and Sabin vaccines are actually for polio, not chemical vaccines. HPV vaccine is a biological vaccine, not a chemical one. Shiga anatoxin is a chemical vaccine used against Shigella bacteria, making it the only correct choice for chemical vaccines in this question.
For the specific prophylaxis of rabies it is NOT CORRECT that
- A. Ab against rabies virus can be found 14-15 days after immunization
- B. Reinfection is not possible
- C. HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin) is applied in the first few hours after possible infection
- D. Six (5+1) doses of an inactivated vaccine are applied
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because reinfection is indeed possible with rabies virus. Step 1: Reinfection occurs if a person is exposed to the virus again after initial infection. Step 2: Once infected, the virus can remain dormant in the body and become active upon re-exposure. Step 3: Therefore, it is essential to continue preventive measures even after initial immunization. Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because antibodies develop within 14-15 days post-immunization, HRIG is administered shortly after exposure, and a specific vaccination schedule is followed for rabies prophylaxis, respectively.