Nokea
Molds belong to which of the following groups of eukaryotic organisms?
- A. Protozoans
- B. Archaea
- C. Fungi
- D. Algae
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fungi. Molds are a type of fungi, which are eukaryotic organisms characterized by having cell walls made of chitin. Fungi are distinct from protozoans (single-celled eukaryotes), archaea (prokaryotes), and algae (photosynthetic eukaryotes). Fungi, including molds, obtain nutrients through absorption and play crucial roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Therefore, molds belong to the group of eukaryotic organisms known as fungi.
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Which of the following bacteria is most commonly associated with nosocomial infections?
- A. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- B. Shigella sonnei
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in hospital environments.
2. It is an opportunistic pathogen causing various nosocomial infections.
3. Its ability to develop resistance to antibiotics makes it a significant threat.
4. Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria, not common nosocomial infections.
5. Shigella sonnei causes foodborne illness, not typically nosocomial infections.
6. "None of the above" is incorrect as Pseudomonas is indeed commonly associated with nosocomial infections.
Examples for chemical vaccines are:
- A. Salk vaccine
- B. HPV vaccine
- C. Sabin vaccine
- D. Shiga anatoxin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Shiga anatoxin. This is because the Salk and Sabin vaccines are actually for polio, not chemical vaccines. HPV vaccine is a biological vaccine, not a chemical one. Shiga anatoxin is a chemical vaccine used against Shigella bacteria, making it the only correct choice for chemical vaccines in this question.
A patient with pneumonia had sputum cultured on Endo agar, revealing red colonies. The bacteria were Gram-negative rods. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (A: Escherichia coli):
1. Endo agar selects for Gram-negative bacteria.
2. Red colonies on Endo agar indicate lactose fermentation, characteristic of E. coli.
3. E. coli is a common cause of pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised patients.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- B: Klebsiella pneumoniae: Typically forms mucoid colonies on agar.
- C: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Produces characteristic greenish-blue colonies on agar.
- D: Proteus mirabilis: Does not typically ferment lactose, so would not produce red colonies on Endo agar.
A 28 y.o. homeless male was admitted to the hospital because of initial diagnosis "influenza". Roseolo-petechiae rash has appeared on the trunk and internal surfaces of the limbs on the fifth day. Temperature is 410C, euphoria, face and sclera's hyperemia, tongue tremor, tachycardia, splenomegaly, excitement. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Typhus
- B. Alcogolic delirium
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Abdominal typhoid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis for the homeless male with symptoms of roseolo-petechiae rash, hyperemia, tachycardia, splenomegaly, and euphoria is Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection commonly associated with exposure to contaminated water or soil, which is prevalent in homeless populations. The initial diagnosis of "influenza" fits with the flu-like symptoms. The appearance of roseolo-petechiae rash and other symptoms like hyperemia, tachycardia, splenomegaly, and euphoria are consistent with leptospirosis. The other choices can be ruled out: A) Typhus typically presents with headache, fever, and rash, but not the specific symptoms described. B) Alcoholic delirium is more likely with a history of alcohol abuse and presents with confusion, disorientation, and hallucinations. D) Abdominal typhoid presents with prolonged fever, abdominal pain
Gram staining is used to differentiate bacteria based on:
- A. size and shape
- B. presence of flagella
- C. cell wall composition
- D. genetic material
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cell wall composition. Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls. It classifies bacteria into Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layer) and Gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layer). This differentiation is crucial for identifying bacterial species and guiding treatment choices. Size and shape (choice A) are not specific to Gram staining. Presence of flagella (choice B) is related to bacterial motility, not Gram staining. Genetic material (choice D) is not directly assessed by Gram staining. Overall, the unique composition of the cell wall is the key factor in distinguishing bacteria through Gram staining.