Nokea
Psychrophiles are also referred to as:
- A. cryophiles
- B. thermophiles
- C. mesophiles
- D. psychrotrophs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cryophiles. Psychrophiles are microorganisms that thrive in cold temperatures. The prefix "cryo-" means cold, which accurately describes the environment in which these organisms grow. Choice B, thermophiles, are organisms that thrive in high temperatures. Choice C, mesophiles, grow best at moderate temperatures. Choice D, psychrotrophs, are organisms that can grow at refrigeration temperatures but have an optimal growth temperature range different from psychrophiles.
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Molds belong to which of the following groups of eukaryotic organisms?
- A. Protozoans
- B. Archaea
- C. Fungi
- D. Algae
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fungi. Molds are a type of fungi, which are eukaryotic organisms characterized by having cell walls made of chitin. Fungi are distinct from protozoans (single-celled eukaryotes), archaea (prokaryotes), and algae (photosynthetic eukaryotes). Fungi, including molds, obtain nutrients through absorption and play crucial roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Therefore, molds belong to the group of eukaryotic organisms known as fungi.
In a village, a case of anthrax had been registered. Medical services began epidemiologically indicated specific prophylaxis of population against anthrax. What preparation was used for this purpose?
- A. Anatoxin
- B. Inactivated vaccine
- C. Chemical vaccine
- D. Genetically engineered vaccine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anatoxin. An anatoxin is a preparation that contains inactivated toxins produced by the anthrax-causing bacteria. By administering anatoxin, the population can develop immunity against the toxin without being exposed to the live bacteria. This specific prophylaxis approach helps prevent the development of anthrax infection by targeting the toxin itself.
Summary:
- Choice B (Inactivated vaccine) is incorrect because an inactivated vaccine typically contains killed or inactivated whole bacteria, not just the toxins.
- Choice C (Chemical vaccine) is incorrect as there is no such thing as a chemical vaccine; vaccines are biological preparations.
- Choice D (Genetically engineered vaccine) is incorrect because while vaccines can be genetically engineered, the specific term "genetically engineered vaccine" does not accurately describe the prophylaxis used against anthrax in this scenario.
Which of the statements below IS NOT CORRECT
- A. an immunocompromised person has to be vaccinated with live vaccines with caution
- B. live vaccines to not revert to virulent form
- C. microbes with many serotypes are difficult to control with vaccination
- D. side effect to vaccination can occur
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because live vaccines can potentially revert to a virulent form, although this is extremely rare. This is due to the live attenuated virus in the vaccine potentially mutating back to a more dangerous form. Live vaccines are designed to be weakened but there is a small risk of reversion. Therefore, statement B is not correct.
A: This statement is correct as immunocompromised individuals may have adverse reactions to live vaccines due to their weakened immune system.
C: This statement is correct as microbes with many serotypes can make it challenging to develop a vaccine that covers all variations.
D: This statement is correct as side effects to vaccination, although usually mild and temporary, can occur in some individuals.
What clinical specimen can be analysed in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections:
- A. Genital ulcer secretion
- B. Lymph node punctate
- C. Serum
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because all three options (A, B, and C) can be analyzed in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Genital ulcer secretions can reveal the presence of pathogens causing STIs, lymph node punctate can indicate systemic infection, and serum can be tested for specific STI antibodies. Therefore, all these clinical specimens are essential for a comprehensive diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. The other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect as they individually represent important specimens used in the diagnosis process.
What is the primary function of bacterial capsules?
- A. Protein synthesis
- B. Aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis
- C. Facilitate motility
- D. Synthesize DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of bacterial capsules is to aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis. Capsules help bacteria adhere to surfaces and evade immune system detection by preventing phagocytosis. This is important for bacterial survival and colonization in host organisms. Choice A, protein synthesis, is incorrect as capsules do not directly participate in this process. Choice C, facilitate motility, is incorrect as capsules are not involved in bacterial movement. Choice D, synthesize DNA, is incorrect as capsules do not have a role in DNA synthesis. Thus, the correct answer is B.