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Which bacteria is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses caused by contaminated water?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses caused by contaminated water due to its ability to survive and multiply in water sources. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, a severe gastrointestinal infection transmitted through contaminated food and water. Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are not typically associated with foodborne illnesses caused by contaminated water. Clostridium difficile causes gastrointestinal infections linked to antibiotic use, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis through respiratory transmission, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes sexually transmitted infections.
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A 28 y.o. homeless male was admitted to the hospital because of initial diagnosis "influenza". Roseolo-petechiae rash has appeared on the trunk and internal surfaces of the limbs on the fifth day. Temperature is 410C, euphoria, face and sclera's hyperemia, tongue tremor, tachycardia, splenomegaly, excitement. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Typhus
- B. Alcogolic delirium
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Abdominal typhoid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis for the homeless male with symptoms of roseolo-petechiae rash, hyperemia, tachycardia, splenomegaly, and euphoria is Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection commonly associated with exposure to contaminated water or soil, which is prevalent in homeless populations. The initial diagnosis of "influenza" fits with the flu-like symptoms. The appearance of roseolo-petechiae rash and other symptoms like hyperemia, tachycardia, splenomegaly, and euphoria are consistent with leptospirosis. The other choices can be ruled out: A) Typhus typically presents with headache, fever, and rash, but not the specific symptoms described. B) Alcoholic delirium is more likely with a history of alcohol abuse and presents with confusion, disorientation, and hallucinations. D) Abdominal typhoid presents with prolonged fever, abdominal pain
The patient 25 y.o. was admitted on the 1st day of the disease with complaints of double vision in the eyes, heavy breathing. The day before the patient ate homemade mushrooms. On objective examination: paleness, widened pupils, disorder of swallowing, bradycardia, constipation are marked. What is the diagnosis?
- A. Botulism
- B. Yersiniosis
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Salmonellosis, gastrointestinal form
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Botulism. Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. In this case, the patient's symptoms align with botulism due to the ingestion of homemade mushrooms. The symptoms of double vision, heavy breathing, paleness, widened pupils, swallowing difficulties, bradycardia, and constipation are all classic signs of botulism poisoning. The toxin affects the nervous system and can lead to paralysis. The other choices (B: Yersiniosis, C: Leptospirosis, D: Salmonellosis) do not match the patient's symptoms and history of consuming mushrooms, making them incorrect.
What is the primary function of bacterial capsules?
- A. Protein synthesis
- B. Aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis
- C. Facilitate motility
- D. Synthesize DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of bacterial capsules is to aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis. Capsules help bacteria adhere to surfaces and evade immune system detection by preventing phagocytosis. This is important for bacterial survival and colonization in host organisms. Choice A, protein synthesis, is incorrect as capsules do not directly participate in this process. Choice C, facilitate motility, is incorrect as capsules are not involved in bacterial movement. Choice D, synthesize DNA, is incorrect as capsules do not have a role in DNA synthesis. Thus, the correct answer is B.
Toxoplasma gondii belongs to which group of eukaryotic organisms?
- A. Algae
- B. Fungi
- C. Protozoans
- D. Helminths
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite known to cause toxoplasmosis. It belongs to the group of eukaryotic organisms called protozoans because it is a single-celled organism with complex cellular structures. Protozoans are characterized by their ability to move and perform essential functions independently. Algae (choice A) are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, fungi (choice B) are non-photosynthetic eukaryotes that include molds and yeasts, and helminths (choice D) are multicellular parasitic worms. Therefore, the correct answer is C because Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite.
Crude herbal drugs must be examined for yeast-like fungi. What agar can ensure development of these microorganisms so that associating microflora will grow very slowly or won't grow at all?
- A. Sabouraud's peptone agar
- B. Endo agar
- C. Milk-salt agar
- D. Meat infusion agar
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sabouraud's peptone agar. This agar is specifically designed for the isolation of yeast and molds due to its low pH and high sugar content, creating an environment conducive for their growth. Yeast-like fungi thrive in this selective medium, while inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other contaminants.
Summary:
- Sabouraud's peptone agar is ideal for cultivating yeast-like fungi.
- Endo agar is used for isolation of gram-negative bacteria, not fungi.
- Milk-salt agar is used for lactobacilli and streptococci, not fungi.
- Meat infusion agar is a general-purpose medium for cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms, not specifically for yeast-like fungi.