Nokea
Medical examination of the first-year pupils included Mantoux test. 15 pupils out of 35 had negative reaction. What actions should be taken against children with negative reaction?
- A. BCG vaccination
- B. Antitoxin vaccination
- C. Rabies vaccination
- D. Repeat Mantoux test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: BCG vaccination. The Mantoux test is used to detect tuberculosis infection. A negative reaction means the child is not infected. BCG vaccination is recommended for individuals without prior TB infection to prevent severe forms of the disease. Antitoxin and rabies vaccinations are not related to TB and are not indicated in this scenario. Repeating the Mantoux test is unnecessary since a negative result indicates absence of TB infection.
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Bacteria are studied by:
- A. Taxonomy
- B. Classification
- C. Identification
- D. Nomenclature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Identification. Bacteria are studied by identification to determine their specific characteristics and differentiate between different species. Taxonomy (A) is the science of classification, not specific to bacteria. Classification (B) is the process of grouping organisms based on shared characteristics, not specific to bacteria. Nomenclature (D) is the naming system for organisms, not the primary method for studying bacteria. Therefore, identification (C) is the correct choice for studying bacteria.
Microscopic examination of pus sample taken from mandibular fistula canal and stained by Gram's method has revealed druses with gram-positive coloring in the center and cone-shaped structures with gram-negative coloring. Such morphology is characteristic of the agent of:
- A. Fusobacteriosis
- B. Actinomycosis
- C. Staphylococcal osteomyelitis
- D. Anaerobic infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Actinomycosis. Actinomyces is a gram-positive bacterium that forms sulfur granules (druses) with gram-positive coloring in the center and filamentous structures resembling cones with gram-negative coloring. This morphology is characteristic of Actinomyces species. Fusobacteriosis (choice A) typically presents with gram-negative rods. Staphylococcal osteomyelitis (choice C) is caused by gram-positive staphylococci, not Actinomyces. Anaerobic infections (choice D) can be caused by various bacteria, but the specific morphology described in the question matches Actinomyces, making choice B the correct answer.
The sample used to proving epidemic meningitis is:
- A. CSF transported at 37°C (CSF sample, blood, nasopharyngeal secretion)
- B. Feces
- C. CSF transported at +4°C
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) is the sample used for proving epidemic meningitis. It should be transported at 37°C to maintain its integrity. Blood and nasopharyngeal secretions are not typically used for diagnosing meningitis. Choice B, feces, is unrelated to the diagnosis of meningitis. Choice C, CSF transported at +4°C, is incorrect as it should be transported at 37°C to prevent degradation of the sample. Therefore, A is the correct choice for proving epidemic meningitis due to the specificity of the sample and the proper transport conditions.
A 19 year old woman suffers from primary syphilis. Doctor administered her complex therapy that includes benzylpenicillin sodium salt. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?
- A. It blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan of microbial membrane
- B. It blocks synthesis of cytoplasm proteins
- C. It blocks thiol enzymes
- D. It blocks RNA synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Benzylpenicillin sodium salt, also known as penicillin G, works by blocking the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the microbial cell wall. Peptidoglycan is crucial for the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls. By inhibiting its synthesis, penicillin disrupts the cell wall formation, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because penicillin does not target cytoplasm proteins, thiol enzymes, or RNA synthesis. Penicillin's primary mode of action is specifically related to interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Psychrophiles are also referred to as:
- A. cryophiles
- B. thermophiles
- C. mesophiles
- D. psychrotrophs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cryophiles. Psychrophiles are microorganisms that thrive in cold temperatures. The prefix "cryo-" means cold, which accurately describes the environment in which these organisms grow. Choice B, thermophiles, are organisms that thrive in high temperatures. Choice C, mesophiles, grow best at moderate temperatures. Choice D, psychrotrophs, are organisms that can grow at refrigeration temperatures but have an optimal growth temperature range different from psychrophiles.