Nokea
Fudrjant fern of injection is:
- A. Continuous infection with long incubation period
- B. Chronic infection with short incubation period
- C. Immediate infection with very short incubation period
- D. ‘Sleeping' infection with infection-carrying
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Continuous infection with long incubation period. Fudrjant fern of injection is a term used to describe an infection that is continuously present in the body after being introduced through injection. The long incubation period refers to the time between the injection and when symptoms of the infection become apparent. This choice is correct as it accurately describes the characteristics of fudrjant fern of injection.
Choice B is incorrect because chronic infections typically have a long duration, not a short incubation period. Choice C is incorrect as immediate infections would not have a long incubation period. Choice D is incorrect because a 'sleeping' infection implies a dormant state, not continuous presence in the body as seen in fudrjant fern of injection.
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An outbreak of food poisoning was recorded in an urban settlement. The illness was diagnosed as botulism on the grounds of clinical presentations. What foodstuffs should be chosen for analysis in the first place in order to confirm the diagnosis?
- A. Tinned food
- B. Potatoes
- C. Pasteurized milk
- D. Boiled meat
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tinned food. Botulism is often caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which can be present in improperly canned foods. Analyzing tinned food allows for direct detection of the toxin or bacteria, confirming the diagnosis. Potatoes, pasteurized milk, and boiled meat are less likely sources of botulism compared to tinned food, making them less suitable for initial analysis in this case.
The term “infectious process†means “all biological processes carried out after…â€
- A. The attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganism
- B. The attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganisms regardless of whether or not there is clinical manifestation
- C. The penetration of microbes into the macroorganism and always manifest clinically
- D. No correct answer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the term "infectious process" refers to all biological processes that occur after the attachment and penetration of microbes into the host organism, regardless of whether there are clinical manifestations. This includes the colonization, multiplication, and spread of the microorganisms within the host.
Explanation:
A: Incorrect because it only mentions the attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganism, missing the subsequent processes.
C: Incorrect because it is too specific, stating that the penetration of microbes always manifests clinically, which is not always the case.
D: Incorrect because there is a correct answer, which is B, as explained above.
The polymerase chain reaction CAN NOT be applied:
- A. To prove latent infection
- B. For rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases
- C. To determine the antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms
- D. To demonstrate DNA and RNA molecule
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To determine the antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms. PCR is not suitable for determining antibiotic susceptibility as it is a technique used to amplify DNA/RNA, not to test for antibiotic resistance. To prove latent infection (A), PCR can be used to detect low levels of pathogens. For rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases (B), PCR is commonly used due to its sensitivity and specificity. To demonstrate DNA and RNA molecules (D), PCR is ideal as it can amplify and detect specific sequences. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as PCR is not designed for determining antibiotic susceptibility.
In order to accurately identify etiology of peptic ulcer disease, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on gastric biopsy specimen taken from 47-year-old patient. Eventually, the test result was positive for H. pylori. Which of the following was most likely detected in PCR analysis?
- A. Bacterial DNA
- B. Bacterial toxin
- C. H. pylori bacterium itself
- D. Bacterial enzymes – urease and catalase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacterial DNA. PCR analysis detects specific DNA sequences, so a positive result for H. pylori indicates the presence of the bacterial DNA in the gastric biopsy specimen. This method identifies the genetic material of the bacterium, not the bacterium itself (choice C) or its toxins (choice B). Additionally, PCR does not directly detect bacterial enzymes (choice D) but rather focuses on genetic material for accurate identification. Therefore, in this case, the detection of H. pylori in the PCR analysis points to the presence of bacterial DNA, confirming the etiology of peptic ulcer disease.
A pregnant woman complains of vaginal mucosa irritation, itching and genital tracts secretion. Bacterioscopy of vaginal smears revealed large gram-positive oval oblong cells that form pseudomicelium. What is the most probable channel of infection?
- A. Endogenous infection
- B. Sexual transmission
- C. Contact infection
- D. Vector-borne transmission
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sexual transmission. The symptoms described are indicative of a vaginal yeast infection caused by Candida albicans. The presence of large gram-positive oval oblong cells forming pseudomycelium is characteristic of Candida infection. Sexual transmission is the most probable channel of infection as Candida can be transmitted through sexual contact. Endogenous infection (A) refers to infections originating from the body's own flora, which is not the case here. Contact infection (C) typically involves direct physical contact or fomite transmission, which is less likely in this scenario. Vector-borne transmission (D) involves transmission through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks, which is not relevant in this case.