Nokea
Functions in the liver include production of:
- A. Digestive enzymes
- B. Secondary bile acids
- C. Stercobilinogen
- D. CCK
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Digestive enzymes. The liver produces bile, which contains bile salts that help digest fats in the small intestine. Additionally, the liver produces various digestive enzymes like lipase, amylase, and proteases. These enzymes aid in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during the digestion process. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because secondary bile acids are produced in the intestine, stercobilinogen is a product of bilirubin breakdown in the intestine, and CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone produced by the small intestine to stimulate the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes but not directly produced by the liver.
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Which of the following statements about the stomach is FALSE?
- A. there are no enzymes secreted in the stomach to digest carbohydrate
- B. pepsin (from pepsinogen) is released to digest proteins
- C. amino acids are absorbed through the stomach wall and go directly to the liver
- D. the appetite regulatory peptide, ghrelin, is released by the stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because amino acids are not absorbed through the stomach wall; they are absorbed in the small intestine. In the stomach, gastric juices break down proteins into peptides. Option A is incorrect because the stomach secretes pepsin to digest proteins. Option B is also incorrect as pepsinogen is converted to pepsin for protein digestion. Option D is incorrect since ghrelin, the appetite hormone, is indeed released by the stomach.
Which esophageal disorder is described as a precancerous lesion associated with GERD?
- A. Achalasia
- B. Barrett's esophagus
- C. Esophageal strictures
- D. Esophageal diverticula
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Barrett's esophagus is the correct answer because it is a precancerous condition resulting from long-term GERD. The constant exposure to stomach acid causes changes in the esophageal lining, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
Achalasia (A) is a motility disorder characterized by difficulty swallowing due to impaired esophageal muscle movement. Esophageal strictures (C) are narrowing of the esophagus, commonly caused by chronic inflammation or scarring, but not directly associated with GERD. Esophageal diverticula (D) are outpouchings in the esophageal wall, not specifically linked to GERD or cancer risk.
What does the term 'peristalsis' refer to?
- A. the mixing of digestive juices
- B. the voluntary contraction of muscles
- C. the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract
- D. the absorption of nutrients
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract. This process helps propel food from the esophagus to the stomach and through the intestines for digestion and absorption. It is an involuntary movement controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to digestion, not movement. Choice B is incorrect as peristalsis is involuntary, not voluntary. Choice D is incorrect as peristalsis does not involve absorption but rather transportation of food.
Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver?
- A. glycogen storage
- B. detoxification
- C. synthesis of clotting proteins
- D. erythropoiesis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: erythropoiesis. The liver does not have a primary role in the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis), which is mainly carried out by the bone marrow.
A: The liver stores glycogen for energy regulation.
B: Detoxification is a crucial function of the liver, breaking down harmful substances.
C: The liver synthesizes clotting proteins like fibrinogen.
In summary, while the liver is vital for glycogen storage, detoxification, and clotting protein synthesis, it does not play a significant role in erythropoiesis.
The nurse is educating a group of older adults on ways to prevent falls. Which statement made by an older adult indicates the need for further teaching?
- A. "I will make sure that I wear my glasses when I walk outside."
- B. "I should make sure my home is free of clutter to prevent tripping."
- C. "I'll make sure I get up slowly from a sitting position to prevent dizziness."
- D. "I won't need to wear shoes in the house since I am only walking a short distance."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Walking barefoot increases the risk of slipping and falling, especially for older adults with balance issues. Wearing shoes indoors provides stability and reduces the risk of falls. Choices A, B, and C all demonstrate good fall prevention strategies by addressing vision, home safety, and orthostatic hypotension respectively.