Nokea
What manifestation in the patient does the nurse recognize as an early sign of hepatic encephalopathy?
- A. Manifests asterixis
- B. Becomes unconscious
- C. Has increasing oliguria
- D. Is irritable and lethargic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Is irritable and lethargic. Early signs of hepatic encephalopathy often include behavioral changes like irritability and lethargy due to impaired brain function from liver dysfunction. This is because the liver is unable to properly detoxify ammonia, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream and affecting brain function. Asterixis, unconsciousness, and oliguria are more severe manifestations seen in later stages of hepatic encephalopathy. Therefore, recognizing irritability and lethargy in a patient would prompt early intervention to prevent further progression of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Which is the only area that can digest a double sugar?
- A. jejunum
- B. stomach
- C. duodenum
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where digestion of double sugars, like disaccharides, occurs. Enzymes such as sucrase, lactase, and maltase are secreted in the duodenum to break down double sugars into simple sugars for absorption. The other choices are incorrect because the stomach primarily digests proteins, the jejunum is mainly involved in nutrient absorption, and the pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum but does not directly digest double sugars.
A sudden decrease in blood volume would be met by increases in epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and angiotensin II. What EFFECT would the increase in these three hormones ALL HAVE IN COMMON?
- A. increased heart rate
- B. increased fluid retention and blood volume
- C. increased PNS activity
- D. vasoconstriction and increased total peripheral resistance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: vasoconstriction and increased total peripheral resistance. Epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, and angiotensin II all act to increase vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in total peripheral resistance. This response is crucial during a sudden decrease in blood volume to maintain blood pressure and ensure adequate perfusion to vital organs.
Choice A (increased heart rate) is not correct because while epinephrine can increase heart rate, antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II do not directly affect heart rate.
Choice B (increased fluid retention and blood volume) is not correct because antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II can increase fluid retention, but epinephrine does not have this effect.
Choice C (increased PNS activity) is not correct because these hormones actually stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, not the parasympath
Infants' gastric juice contains
- A. nuclease, pepsinogen, lipase
- B. maltase, pepsinogen, rennin
- C. amylase, rennin, pepsinogen
- D. pepsinogen, lipase, rennin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because infants' gastric juice contains nuclease, pepsinogen, and lipase. Nuclease helps in breaking down nucleic acids, pepsinogen is the precursor of pepsin which digests proteins, and lipase digests fats. This combination of enzymes is essential for the digestion of various macromolecules in infants.
Choice B is incorrect because maltase is an enzyme that breaks down maltose (a sugar), which is not typically found in gastric juice. Rennin is an enzyme that helps in digesting milk protein, which is more common in the stomach of newborn mammals, but not in human infants.
Choice C is incorrect because amylase is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates and is usually found in saliva, not gastric juice. Rennin and pepsinogen are not typically present in infants' gastric juice.
Choice D is incorrect because while pepsinogen and rennin are enzymes found in gastric juice, lip
You were able to collect the chyme from the small intestine and isolate the various enzymes. Most of the enzymes would have been produced by the
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. small intestine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing various digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and amylases that aid in breaking down nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to further digest chyme. The stomach (A) primarily produces gastric juices, not digestive enzymes. The liver (B) produces bile, which helps in fat digestion but is not classified as an enzyme. The small intestine (D) absorbs nutrients but does not produce the majority of digestive enzymes.
What does the term 'peristalsis' refer to?
- A. the mixing of digestive juices
- B. the voluntary contraction of muscles
- C. the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract
- D. the absorption of nutrients
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract. This process helps propel food from the esophagus to the stomach and through the intestines for digestion and absorption. It is an involuntary movement controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to digestion, not movement. Choice B is incorrect as peristalsis is involuntary, not voluntary. Choice D is incorrect as peristalsis does not involve absorption but rather transportation of food.