Nokea
Which of these processes occurs in the mouth?
- A. ingestion
- B. mechanical digestion
- C. chemical digestion
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the mouth, ingestion occurs when food is taken in. Mechanical digestion occurs through chewing and mixing food with saliva. Chemical digestion begins with enzymes in saliva breaking down carbohydrates. Therefore, all processes (ingestion, mechanical digestion, and chemical digestion) occur in the mouth. Other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the processes that happen in the mouth.
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The optimum pH for trypsin and chymotrypsin is about
- A. 1-3.
- B. 5-7.
- C. 7-9.
- D. 10-12.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (7-9) because trypsin and chymotrypsin are proteolytic enzymes that function optimally in slightly basic environments. At pH 7-9, these enzymes maintain their structural integrity and catalytic activity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because trypsin and chymotrypsin are not acidic enzymes, so pH ranges 1-3 and 10-12 would denature and inactivate them, while pH 5-7 is still on the acidic side, not optimal for these enzymes.
Organs that lie outside the abdominal cavity such as the duodenum, pancreas, urinary bladder and rectum are
- A. covered with parietal peritoneum.
- B. covered with visceral peritoneum.
- C. retroperitoneal.
- D. covered with serous membranes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: retroperitoneal. Organs like the duodenum, pancreas, urinary bladder, and rectum are considered retroperitoneal because they lie behind the parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity. They are not completely covered by visceral peritoneum (B) as they are not suspended in the abdominal cavity. They are not covered by parietal peritoneum (A) as this layer lines the abdominal wall. While these organs are covered with serous membranes (D), the defining characteristic is their location behind the peritoneum, making option C the most accurate choice.
This region of the large intestine has a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attach to its outer surface. This region is called the
- A. cecum.
- B. colon.
- C. rectum.
- D. anal canal.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: colon. The colon is characterized by having a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attached to its outer surface. The cecum (A) is a pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine. The rectum (C) is the final segment of the large intestine before the anal canal (D). The anal canal is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, not simple columnar epithelium like the colon.
The patient experienced a blood transfusion reaction. How should the nurse explain to the patient the cause of the hemolytic jaundice that occurred?
- A. Results from hepatocellular disease
- B. Due to a malaria parasite breaking apart red blood cells (RBCs)
- C. Results from decreased flow of bile through the liver or biliary system
- D. Due to increased breakdown of RBCs that caused elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hemolytic jaundice in a blood transfusion reaction is due to increased breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) causing elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin. This occurs when the patient's immune system reacts to the transfused blood, leading to destruction of RBCs. The breakdown of these cells releases hemoglobin, which is metabolized into bilirubin. This unconjugated bilirubin then accumulates in the blood, causing jaundice.
Choice A is incorrect because hepatocellular disease does not directly cause hemolytic jaundice. Choice B is incorrect as malaria parasite breaking apart RBCs leads to hemolysis, not a blood transfusion reaction. Choice C is incorrect as decreased bile flow through the liver or biliary system typically causes obstructive jaundice, not hemolytic jaundice.
You were able to collect the chyme from the small intestine and isolate the various enzymes. Most of the enzymes would have been produced by the
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. small intestine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing various digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and amylases that aid in breaking down nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to further digest chyme. The stomach (A) primarily produces gastric juices, not digestive enzymes. The liver (B) produces bile, which helps in fat digestion but is not classified as an enzyme. The small intestine (D) absorbs nutrients but does not produce the majority of digestive enzymes.