Nokea
Gabriel is depressed as he has been looking for a job for the past year without success. Today, his best friend tried to give him two books on job interviews, but he turned down the offer. What concept best explains his reaction?
- A. Observational learning
- B. Insight learning
- C. Learned helplessness
- D. Modeling
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Gabriel's reaction of turning down the offer of job interview books from his friend despite being depressed and unsuccessful in job hunting best fits the concept of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness occurs when individuals believe they have no control over their situation, leading to passivity and feelings of helplessness. In this case, Gabriel's refusal of the books indicates a sense of resignation and belief that his efforts in finding a job will not be successful, reflecting learned helplessness. Observational learning, insight learning, and modeling do not directly align with Gabriel's reaction in this context.
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The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on?
- A. The role of the unconscious.
- B. Internal mental events.
- C. The interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior.
- D. The adaptive value of a behavior.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The cognitive perspective emphasizes understanding human behavior by focusing on internal mental events such as thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions. This helps in explaining how individuals process information, solve problems, and make decisions. Choice A, the role of the unconscious, is associated with psychoanalytic theory rather than the cognitive perspective. Choice C, the interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior, is more aligned with a holistic or biopsychosocial perspective. Choice D, the adaptive value of a behavior, is more related to evolutionary psychology rather than the cognitive perspective.
Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences are described as?
- A. Secure
- B. Avoidant
- C. Ambivalent
- D. Disorganized
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Ambivalent.' Children with an ambivalent temperament are indeed generally mild but hesitant about accepting new experiences. This temperament is characterized by a combination of mildness and hesitance. Choice A, 'Secure,' refers to children who are comfortable with both their caregiver's presence and absence, showing a secure attachment style. Choice B, 'Avoidant,' describes children who tend to avoid or ignore their caregiver, displaying an insecure attachment style. Choice D, 'Disorganized,' represents children with inconsistent or confused behaviors towards their caregiver, exhibiting an insecure and disoriented attachment style.
Arrange the three stages of prenatal development in the correct order.
- A. Germinal stage, fetal stage, embryonic stage
- B. Fetal stage, embryonic stage, germinal stage
- C. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage
- D. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order of the three stages of prenatal development is germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage. During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg rapidly divides and implants in the uterine wall. The embryonic stage follows, where major organs and systems begin to develop. Finally, during the fetal stage, the developing organism is known as a fetus and continues to grow and mature. Choice A is incorrect because it has the stages in the wrong order. Choice B is incorrect as it also presents the stages out of order. Choice C is incorrect as it reverses the order of the stages. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
What term refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge?
- A. Cognition.
- B. Pedagogy.
- C. Empiricism.
- D. Introspection.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, cognition. Cognition encompasses mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving, all crucial in acquiring knowledge. Pedagogy (choice B) refers to the method and practice of teaching. Empiricism (choice C) is a theory that states knowledge comes from sensory experience. Introspection (choice D) involves examining one's own conscious thoughts and feelings, not specifically focused on acquiring knowledge.
What would a humanist most likely say about Manny's passivity?
- A. Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
- B. Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
- C. Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice assertive behaviors.
- D. Manny should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Humanists believe in the inherent goodness and potential of individuals. They would most likely say that Manny can become more assertive by improving his self-esteem and recognizing his abilities. Choice A is incorrect because humanists focus on self-actualization rather than deep-seated feelings of inferiority. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the issue by suggesting a training class can solve the problem without addressing underlying beliefs. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests a psychoanalytic approach, while humanists usually emphasize personal growth and self-improvement.