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In an experiment, the investigators manipulate variables to learn how one affects another.?
- A. A data-collection method in which participants respond to questions
- B. The entire group that is of interest to a researcher
- C. A detailed description of a single culture or context
- D. A study that tests a causal hypothesis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in an experimental design, investigators manipulate variables to determine the effect of one on another. This process allows researchers to test causal hypotheses by manipulating one variable while keeping others constant. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly relate to manipulating variables in an experiment.
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Elliot became widowed after nearly 40 years of marriage. He has convinced himself that no one will ever love him again. His irrational thinking has caused him to suffer from depression, and he rarely leaves his house. What perspective might best explain his behavior?
- A. Psychodynamic
- B. Behavioral
- C. Biological
- D. Cognitive
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The cognitive perspective might best explain Elliot's irrational thinking and resulting depression. In this case, Elliot's belief that he will never be loved again is a cognitive distortion, leading to depressive symptoms and social withdrawal. The psychodynamic perspective primarily focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from the past, which do not directly address Elliot's current cognitive distortions. The behavioral perspective would focus on observable behaviors and how they are reinforced, which is not the central issue in this scenario. The biological perspective would examine the role of genetics, brain chemistry, and other physiological factors, which are not the primary cause of Elliot's behavior in this context.
While out for a walk, you come across a ferocious dog. You feel your heart beating faster and your palms begin to sweat. Which part of the peripheral nervous system is activated in this situation?
- A. Autonomic
- B. Sympathetic
- C. Parasympathetic
- D. Somatic
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sympathetic. When encountering a stressful situation like a ferocious dog, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, leading to the 'fight or flight' response. This response triggers physiological changes like increased heart rate, sweating, and heightened alertness to prepare the body to deal with the perceived threat. The autonomic nervous system (Choice A) encompasses both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, so it's a broader category. The parasympathetic nervous system (Choice C) is responsible for the body's 'rest and digest' functions, which are opposite to the physiological changes seen in a stress response. The somatic nervous system (Choice D) controls voluntary movements and sensory information, not the physiological responses seen in a stress reaction.
Who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior?
- A. John Watson
- B. Abraham Maslow
- C. G. Stanley Hall
- D. Sigmund Freud
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is John Watson. Watson, a key figure in behaviorism, believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than consciousness. Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory and humanistic psychology, not for advocating the study of behavior over consciousness. G. Stanley Hall was a pioneer in psychology but did not propose replacing the study of consciousness with behavior. Sigmund Freud, a prominent figure in psychoanalysis, focused on the unconscious mind rather than behavior.
In schizophrenia, what is the term used to describe the symptom where individuals exhibit peculiar hand and limb movements or adopt unusual postures for long periods of time?
- A. Catatonia
- B. Loose association
- C. Disorganized speech
- D. Blunted affect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Catatonia. Catatonia is a symptom seen in some cases of schizophrenia, characterized by motor abnormalities such as peculiar hand and limb movements or adopting unusual postures for extended periods. Choice B, Loose association, refers to a thought disorder where ideas shift from one subject to another in an unrelated way. Choice C, Disorganized speech, is characterized by incoherent or incomprehensible speech patterns. Choice D, Blunted affect, describes a reduction in the intensity of emotional expression.
School phobia among kids may be a form of?
- A. Occurs every time when one is in a certain situation
- B. Occurs most of the time when one is in a specific situation
- C. Be unexpected
- D. Expected
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Be unexpected.' School phobia in children is often associated with separation anxiety disorder, leading to unexpected and intense fear or anxiety about attending school. Choices A and B are incorrect because school phobia does not necessarily occur every time or most of the time when in a specific situation; it is more about the unexpected fear related to attending school. Choice D is also incorrect because school phobia is characterized by an unexpected and overwhelming fear of school, not an expected or anticipated reaction.