Nokea
Glucocorticoids:
- A. convert amino acids into glucose.
- B. burn protein and fat as fuel to increase energy production.
- C. enable other hormones to perform normally.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids have multiple functions including converting amino acids into glucose (A), burning protein and fat for energy production (B), and enabling other hormones to perform normally (C). Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism, immune response, and help the body cope with stress. Therefore, all of the choices are applicable in describing the functions of glucocorticoids.
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Which of the following drugs has muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase:
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why B (Carbachol) is the correct answer:
1. Carbachol is a cholinergic drug that acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
2. It is resistant to hydrolysis by both true and pseudo cholinesterase enzymes.
3. Acetylcholine (A) is rapidly hydrolyzed by both cholinesterases.
4. Bethanechol (C) is a muscarinic agonist but not a nicotinic agonist.
5. Succinylcholine (D) is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, not a cholinergic agonist.
Summary:
Carbachol is the only drug among the choices that has both muscarinic and nicotinic actions and is resistant to hydrolysis by cholinesterases. Acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, Bethanechol does not have nicotinic actions, and Succinyl
Complete the following sentence: Calcium homeostasis is controlled by…
- A. Insulin
- B. Erythropoietin
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis by increasing calcium levels in the blood through various mechanisms. It promotes calcium release from bones, enhances calcium absorption in the intestines, and reduces calcium excretion from the kidneys. Insulin (Choice A) primarily regulates blood sugar levels, not calcium. Erythropoietin (Choice B) stimulates red blood cell production and does not directly affect calcium homeostasis. Aldosterone (Choice C) regulates sodium and potassium balance but not calcium levels. Thus, Parathyroid hormone is the correct choice for controlling calcium homeostasis.
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response?
- A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- B. Insulin and glucagon.
- C. Esrtogen and progesterone.
- D. Thyroxin and melatonin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are released by the adrenal glands during stressful situations to trigger the 'fight-or-flight' response. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy production to prepare the body for action. Insulin and glucagon (B) regulate blood sugar levels. Estrogen and progesterone (C) are female sex hormones. Thyroxin and melatonin (D) are involved in metabolism and sleep regulation, respectively. Therefore, only A directly relates to the physiological response of 'fight-or-flight'.
Cortisol is produced by the:
- A. adrenal cortex
- B. adrenal medulla
- C. anterior pituitary
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of cortisol in response to stress. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline, not cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates cortisol production by the adrenal cortex. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, not cortisol. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice for the production of cortisol.
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of hormone action?
- A. plasma membrane permeability changes
- B. cellular mutations occur
- C. enzymes are activated or inactivated
- D. mitosis is stimulated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cellular mutations occur. Hormones typically act through binding to specific receptors on target cells to initiate a signaling cascade. This process does not involve inducing mutations in the cell's DNA. Plasma membrane permeability changes, enzyme activation/inactivation, and stimulation of mitosis are all well-established mechanisms of hormone action. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it does not align with the usual mechanisms by which hormones exert their effects.