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he Montessori approach believes that discipline is
- A. Imposed
- B. Self-imposed
- C. Punitive
- D. External
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Montessori fosters self-imposed discipline through independence and responsibility.
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The theorist who believes in reciprocal determinism is
- A. Sigmund Freud
- B. Carl Rogers
- C. Abraham Maslow
- D. Albert Bandura
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bandura's reciprocal determinism links behavior, person, and environment.
When advising an Asian Indian patient to reduce his/her risk for coronary heart disease, which of the following dietary changes would be the most effective?
- A. Recommend healthy substitutions for ingredients typically found in traditional food
- B. Avoid curry, a common Indian spice
- C. Recommend the addition of lean beef
- D. Replace herbs in the patient's diet with salt
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Substitutions maintain cultural relevance while improving heart health.
An older adult client has been asked to participate in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) related to the development of a new psychotropic medication. The nurse responsibly acts as the client's advocate when:
- A. Reassuring the client that the process of RCTs is a perfectly safe one.
- B. Explaining to the client the possible risks involved in participating in this particular RCT.
- C. Educating the client's family concerning the details of participating in such a medication-focused RCT.
- D. Assessing the degree of understanding the client has about what a medication-focused RCT will involve.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because assessing the client's understanding is crucial to ensure informed consent and autonomy. By assessing the client's comprehension, the nurse can verify if the client is aware of the potential risks, benefits, and procedures involved in the RCT. This step is essential to uphold the client's rights and ensure they make an informed decision.
Choice A is incorrect because it does not address the importance of assessing the client's understanding and may provide false reassurance. Choice B is incorrect as it only focuses on explaining risks without assessing the client's comprehension. Choice C is incorrect as educating the family does not ensure the client's understanding and involvement in decision-making.
The child's ability to plan ahead develops during
- A. Sensorimotor
- B. Preoperational
- C. Concrete operational
- D. Formal operational
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Planning ahead requires abstract thinking, which develops in the formal operational stage (Piaget).
The nurse is contributing to a teaching plan. What information should the nurse include that identifies the methods in which HIV can be transmitted? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Urine
- B. Sweat
- C. Saliva
- D. Semen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: HIV is primarily transmitted through body fluids containing high concentrations of the virus, such as semen.
Step 2: Semen contains a high viral load, making it a common mode of HIV transmission.
Step 3: Other body fluids like urine, sweat, and saliva do not typically contain high enough levels of the virus to transmit HIV.
Step 4: Therefore, option D (Semen) is correct as it aligns with the established modes of HIV transmission.
Summary: Urine, sweat, and saliva do not pose a significant risk for HIV transmission due to their low viral load. Semen, on the other hand, contains high concentrations of the virus, making it a primary mode of transmission.