Nokea
Heaven was born several weeks before her due date. Although she was small, her birth weight was appropriate, based on time spent in the uterus. Heaven is a __________ infant.
- A. small-for-date
- B. small-for-weight
- C. mature
- D. preterm
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Heaven is a preterm infant because she was born early, but her weight is appropriate for the time she spent in the womb. Choice A, 'small-for-date,' is incorrect as it does not specifically indicate that the infant was born before the due date. Choice B, 'small-for-weight,' is incorrect because the infant's weight is appropriate for the gestational age. Choice C, 'mature,' is incorrect as it does not reflect the early birth of the infant.
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The term teratogen refers to __________.
- A. any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
- B. a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly
- C. a rapid period of prenatal neurological development
- D. a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.' A teratogen is any substance or factor that can cause harm to the developing fetus during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect because it describes a critical period, not a teratogen. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a specific period of development, not a teratogen. Choice D is incorrect because it describes a synthetic hormone, not a teratogen.
Depression __________.
- A. declines with age
- B. responds to treatment that is completely covered by Medicare
- C. is rarely related to physical illness or pain
- D. can lead to cognitive deterioration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'can lead to cognitive deterioration.' Depression, particularly in older adults, can significantly impair cognitive function, leading to further mental health challenges. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Depression does not necessarily decline with age, treatment coverage may vary, and depression can indeed be related to physical illness or pain.
The concept of ________ means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.
- A. gene-environment interaction
- B. niche-picking
- C. passive correlation
- D. evocative correlation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, gene-environment interaction. This concept highlights that genetic factors play a role in how individuals react to environmental factors. Niche-picking (choice B) refers to the tendency of individuals to select environments that complement their genetic predispositions, not the inherent genetic differences in responsiveness. Passive correlation (choice C) involves the association between the genetic makeup of parents and the environment they provide for their children, not individual differences in responsiveness. Evocative correlation (choice D) relates to the idea that an individual's genetic traits can elicit certain responses from others in the environment, rather than individual differences in responsiveness.
According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.
- A. an internal process that occurs apart from any contact with the environment
- B. the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
- C. the ability to copy the behavior of others
- D. an organized way of making sense of experience
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is an organized way of making sense of experience. This term refers to mental structures or frameworks that help individuals interpret and understand the world around them. Choice A is incorrect because schemes are developed through interaction with the environment. Choice B refers to object permanence, a concept from Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not schemes. Choice C describes observational learning, which is different from the concept of schemes in cognitive development.
Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson's sense of __________, which depends on preserving a sense of personal history.
- A. intimacy
- B. ego identity
- C. ego integrity
- D. initiative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'ego integrity.' Erikson's concept of ego integrity involves reflecting on life with a sense of satisfaction, which requires continuity in personal history. This sense of integrity is developed in late adulthood and is characterized by a feeling of wholeness and fulfillment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Intimacy (choice A) relates to forming close relationships, ego identity (choice B) pertains to a stable sense of self, and initiative (choice D) is about being proactive and exploring the environment, which are not directly associated with preserving personal history for a sense of satisfaction in later life.