Nokea
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except
- A. cortical association areas
- B. the precentral motor gyrus
- C. the limbic system
- D. the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: the precentral motor gyrus. This area is primarily responsible for voluntary motor control, not for altering the activity of respiratory centers. Cortical association areas (A), the limbic system (C), and the hypothalamus (D) can influence respiratory centers through emotional responses, autonomic control, and regulation of breathing patterns, respectively. The precentral motor gyrus is not directly involved in modifying respiratory activity.
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The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
- A. nasopharynx
- B. laryngopharynx
- C. nasal cavity
- D. oral cavity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oral cavity. The fauces is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx. It is located at the back of the mouth, connecting the oral cavity to the oropharynx. This opening allows the passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the throat during swallowing. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the fauces does not connect to the nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, or nasal cavity. The fauces specifically connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx, making choice D the correct answer in this context.
A nurse is assessing a client who has suffered a nasal fracture. Which assessment would the nurse perform first?
- A. Facial pain
- B. Vital signs
- C. Bone displacement
- D. Airway patency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Airway patency. Ensuring airway patency is the top priority in any client assessment, especially in cases of facial trauma like a nasal fracture. This is because compromised airway can lead to respiratory distress or failure. Assessing airway patency should always be the first step to ensure the client's ability to breathe.
Facial pain (A) may be important but does not address immediate life-threatening concerns. Vital signs (B) are important but assessing airway patency takes precedence for client safety. Bone displacement (C) is relevant but does not address the immediate need to maintain airway patency.
A client is found to be allergic to Chinese food, which causes acute asthma. Which of the following instructions should the nurse give the client?
- A. "Only eat Chinese food once a month."
- B. "Use your inhalers before eating Chinese food."
- C. "Avoid Chinese food because this is a trigger for you."
- D. "Determine other causes, because Chinese food wouldn't cause such a violent reaction."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Choice C is correct because avoiding Chinese food, a known trigger for the client's acute asthma, is crucial to prevent future asthma attacks. By eliminating the trigger, the client can reduce the risk of allergic reactions and asthma exacerbations.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Eating Chinese food once a month still exposes the client to the trigger, increasing the risk of asthma attacks.
B: Incorrect. Using inhalers before eating Chinese food may help manage symptoms temporarily but does not address the root cause of the allergic reaction.
D: Incorrect. Dismissing the client's known trigger without further investigation can lead to serious health consequences.
Which of these statements is false regarding Pulmonary Resistance?
- A. Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally cause a fall in pulmonary resistance
- B. Pulmonary resistance is only 1/10 of systemic circulation resistance
- C. Increase of lung volume results in increase of resistance in extra alveolar vessels
- D. Acetylcholine has a good bronchiole smooth muscle relaxation effect
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C):
- Increase of lung volume results in decrease, not increase, in resistance in extra alveolar vessels due to increased recruitment of capillaries.
- This is known as distension recruitment, which helps reduce resistance in extra alveolar vessels.
- Increased lung volume also helps to distribute blood flow more evenly in the lungs, reducing resistance.
- Therefore, statement C is false.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: True - increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally causes a fall in pulmonary resistance due to vessel dilation.
B: True - pulmonary resistance is indeed lower than systemic circulation resistance due to shorter pulmonary vascular bed.
D: True - acetylcholine causes bronchiole smooth muscle contraction, not relaxation.
The nurse doing rounds at the beginning of a shift notices a sputum specimen in a container sitting on the bedside table in a patient's room. The nurse asks the patient when he produced the sputum specimen and he states that the specimen is about 4 hours old. What action should the nurse take?
- A. Immediately take the sputum specimen to the laboratory.
- B. Discard the specimen and assist the patient in obtaining another specimen.
- C. Refrigerate the sputum specimen and submit it once it is chilled.
- D. Add a small amount of normal saline to moisten the specimen.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Discard the specimen and assist the patient in obtaining another specimen. It is important to discard the sputum specimen because it has been sitting for 4 hours, which could lead to contamination and inaccurate test results. The nurse should assist the patient in obtaining a fresh specimen to ensure accurate testing.
Choice A is incorrect because taking the old specimen to the lab could lead to inaccurate results. Choice C is incorrect because refrigerating the old specimen won't prevent contamination. Choice D is incorrect because adding saline to the old specimen can alter its composition and lead to inaccurate test results.