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When teaching the patient with mild asthma about the use of the peak flow meter, what should the nurse instruct the patient to do?
- A. a. Carry the flow meter with the patient at all times in case an asthma attack occurs
- B. b. Use the flow meter to check the status of the patient’s asthma every time the patient takes quick-relief medication
- C. c. Follow the written asthma action plan (e.g., take quick-relief medication) if the expiratory flow rate is in the yellow zone
- D. Use the flow meter by emptying the lungs, closing the mouth around the mouthpiece, and inhaling through the meter as quickly as possible
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse should instruct the patient to follow the written asthma action plan if the expiratory flow rate is in the yellow zone. This helps the patient know when to take quick-relief medication based on their peak flow meter readings.
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Which of these statements is false regarding Pulmonary Resistance?
- A. Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally cause a fall in pulmonary resistance
- B. Pulmonary resistance is only 1/10 of systemic circulation resistance
- C. Increase of lung volume results in increase of resistance in extra alveolar vessels
- D. Acetylcholine has a good bronchiole smooth muscle relaxation effect
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C):
- Increase of lung volume results in decrease, not increase, in resistance in extra alveolar vessels due to increased recruitment of capillaries.
- This is known as distension recruitment, which helps reduce resistance in extra alveolar vessels.
- Increased lung volume also helps to distribute blood flow more evenly in the lungs, reducing resistance.
- Therefore, statement C is false.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: True - increase in pulmonary arterial pressure generally causes a fall in pulmonary resistance due to vessel dilation.
B: True - pulmonary resistance is indeed lower than systemic circulation resistance due to shorter pulmonary vascular bed.
D: True - acetylcholine causes bronchiole smooth muscle contraction, not relaxation.
Which intervention for airway management should you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Assist client to sit up on side of bed.
- B. Instruct client to cough effectively.
- C. Teach client to use incentive spirometry.
- D. Auscultate breath sounds every 4 hours.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Assisting the client to sit up is a basic intervention suitable for a nursing assistant. Instructing effective coughing (B) and teaching incentive spirometry (C) require more skill. Auscultating breath sounds (D) is outside the scope of practice for a nursing assistant.
Haldane effect refers to
- A. Increased CO2 uptake to minimize CO2 tension
- B. Increased O2 tension
- C. Decreased CO2 tension
- D. Decreases O2 tension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increased CO2 uptake to minimize CO2 tension. The Haldane effect describes how the blood's ability to carry CO2 increases as oxygen levels decrease. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it displaces CO2, allowing more CO2 to be carried by the blood. This phenomenon is crucial in the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues.
Choice B is incorrect as the Haldane effect is related to CO2, not O2 tension. Choice C is incorrect as the Haldane effect leads to increased CO2 uptake, not decreased. Choice D is incorrect as it states decreases O2 tension, which is not directly related to the Haldane effect.
Apart from its role in acid-base balance
- A. what other function is associated with carbonic anhydrase in the gastrointestinal tract?
- B. Protein digestion
- C. Lipid absorption
- D. Starch breakdown
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: Rationale:
Carbonic anhydrase in the gastrointestinal tract catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons. This reaction helps maintain pH balance in the gut. Starch breakdown is not directly associated with carbonic anhydrase. Protein digestion is primarily carried out by proteases, and lipid absorption involves enzymes like lipase. These functions are not directly related to carbonic anhydrase in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, the correct answer is D: Starch breakdown.
Tracheal respiration is found in
- A. Insects and Millipedes
- B. Scorpion and Prawn
- C. Pila and Lobuster
- D. Starfish and Sea cucumber
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tracheal respiration is a type of respiration system found in insects and millipedes. This system involves the use of tracheae, which are tiny tubes that deliver oxygen directly to tissues. Insects and millipedes have evolved this efficient respiratory system to support their high metabolic rates. Scorpions and prawns (Choice B), Pila and lobsters (Choice C), and starfish and sea cucumbers (Choice D) do not have tracheal respiration systems. Therefore, the correct answer is A.