Nokea
The lower respiratory tract is consist except
- A. Nose
- B. bronchioleg
- C. Trachea
- D. both b and c
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nose. The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchioles, and lungs, but not the nose. The nose is a part of the upper respiratory tract, responsible for filtering, humidifying, and warming inhaled air. The trachea and bronchioles are part of the lower respiratory tract, involved in the passage of air into the lungs for gas exchange. Therefore, the nose does not belong to the lower respiratory tract, making it the correct answer. Choices B and C (bronchioles and trachea) are incorrect as they are part of the lower respiratory tract. Choice D is incorrect because both the bronchioles and trachea are part of the lower respiratory tract.
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If the CO2 concentration in the blood increases, the breathing shall
- A. Increase
- B. Decrease
- C. Stop
- D. No affect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When CO2 concentration in the blood increases, it leads to respiratory acidosis, causing the body to increase breathing rate to expel excess CO2 and restore pH balance. This increase in breathing helps eliminate CO2 through exhalation, thus the correct answer is A.
Choice B is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration triggers an increase in breathing to remove the excess CO2, not decrease it.
Choice C is incorrect because stopping breathing would be life-threatening and is not a physiological response to high CO2 levels.
Choice D is incorrect because an increase in CO2 concentration does have an effect on breathing rate to maintain homeostasis.
A nurse is assessing a client who has suffered a nasal fracture. Which assessment would the nurse perform first?
- A. Facial pain
- B. Vital signs
- C. Bone displacement
- D. Airway patency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Airway patency. Ensuring airway patency is the top priority in any client assessment, especially in cases of facial trauma like a nasal fracture. This is because compromised airway can lead to respiratory distress or failure. Assessing airway patency should always be the first step to ensure the client's ability to breathe.
Facial pain (A) may be important but does not address immediate life-threatening concerns. Vital signs (B) are important but assessing airway patency takes precedence for client safety. Bone displacement (C) is relevant but does not address the immediate need to maintain airway patency.
Breathing rate is more rapid when the ...... area is more active
- A. Apneustic
- B. pneumotaxic
- C. medullary rhythmicity
- D. none
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pneumotaxic. The pneumotaxic area is located in the pons and regulates the rate and depth of breathing by inhibiting the inspiratory area in the medulla. When the pneumotaxic area is more active, it limits the duration of inspiratory bursts, causing a more rapid breathing rate.
A: Apneustic area is located in the lower pons and promotes prolonged inspiration, leading to slower breathing rate.
C: Medullary rhythmicity is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing, not directly affecting breathing rate.
D: None is incorrect as there is a specific brain area, pneumotaxic, that influences breathing rate.
A nurse educator is reviewing the implications of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve with regard to the case of a current patient. The patient currently has normal hemoglobin levels, but significantly decreased SaO2 and PaO2 levels. What is an implication of this physiological state?
- A. The patient's tissue demands may be met, but she will be unable to respond to physiological stressors.
- B. The patient's short-term oxygen needs will be met, but she will be unable to expel sufficient CO2.
- C. The patient will experience tissue hypoxia with no sensation of shortness of breath or labored breathing.
- D. The patient will experience respiratory alkalosis with no ability to compensate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because even though the patient has normal hemoglobin levels, the significantly decreased SaO2 and PaO2 levels indicate that the hemoglobin is not effectively carrying oxygen to the tissues. This leads to a situation where the tissue demands for oxygen may be met at baseline, but the patient will be unable to respond to physiological stressors that require increased oxygen delivery.
Choice B is incorrect because it focuses on short-term oxygen needs and CO2 expulsion, which are not directly related to the implications of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in this case.
Choice C is incorrect because decreased SaO2 and PaO2 levels would lead to tissue hypoxia, which would likely result in sensations of shortness of breath or labored breathing as the body tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen.
Choice D is incorrect because decreased PaO2 levels would not lead to respiratory alkalosis. The body would likely try to compensate by increasing respiratory rate to improve oxygenation.
Decompression sickness is caused by
- A. a rapid rise of carbon dioxide in the blood.
- B. lack of oxygen in the tissues
- C. bubbles of nitrogen in the blood
- D. glucose deficiency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Decompression sickness occurs when nitrogen bubbles form in the blood due to rapid changes in pressure during ascent. Nitrogen, a major component of air, dissolves in the blood at higher pressure and forms bubbles when pressure decreases. These bubbles can block blood vessels, leading to various symptoms. Choice A is incorrect as it pertains to hypercapnia, not decompression sickness. Choice B is incorrect as decompression sickness is not caused by lack of oxygen but rather by nitrogen bubbles. Choice D is incorrect as glucose deficiency is not related to decompression sickness. Therefore, the correct answer is C, bubbles of nitrogen in the blood.