Nokea
HLA B27 positivity is least common in
- A. Ankylosing spondylosis
- B. Juvenile psoriatic arthritis
- C. Inflammatory bowel disease
- D. Reactive arthritis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HLA B27 positivity is least common in inflammatory bowel disease compared to the other conditions listed.
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Sodium valproate is used in all types of seizures except:
- A. Absences
- B. Infantile spasms
- C. Generalised clonic seizures
- D. Myoclonic type
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Infantile spasms: Sodium valproate is not the first-line treatment for infantile spasms. Vigabatrin is preferred due to its effectiveness in this condition.
Recurrent pneumonia is defined in children as having a frequency of episodes more than or equal to
- A. 2 episodes in 6 months
- B. 2 episodes in one year
- C. 3 episodes ever without radiographic clearance
- D. 4 episodes ever with radiographic clearance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Recurrent pneumonia in children is defined as having 2 or more episodes in 6 months, indicating a pattern of frequent infections.
Developmental delay in children below 3 years of age is defined as
- A. 25% departure from typical performance in 2 developmental domains
- B. 25% departure from typical performance in any developmental domain
- C. 30% departure from typical performance in ≥2 developmental domains
- D. 30% departure from typical performance in any developmental domain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Developmental delay in children below 3 years is defined as a 30% departure from typical performance in any developmental domain, indicating significant lag.
The parents of a child, age 6, who will begin school in the fall ask the nurse for anticipatory guidance. The nurse should explain that a child of this age:
- A. Still depends on the parents
- B. Rebels against scheduled activities
- C. Is highly sensitive to criticism
- D. Loves to tattle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A 6-year-old child is typically highly sensitive to criticism as they are developing self-esteem and are influenced by feedback from adults and peers.
In 90% of cases of endocarditis, the causative agent is recovered from the first 2 blood cultures. Antimicrobial pretreatment of the patient reduces the yield of blood cultures to
- A. 10%
- B. 20%
- C. 30%
- D. 40%
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antimicrobial pretreatment can significantly reduce the yield of blood cultures, often to 10-20%.