Nokea
How can folic acid supplementation prevent neural tube defects?
- A. By promoting spinal cord closure
- B. By preventing infections
- C. By enhancing fetal growth
- D. By regulating blood sugar levels
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because folic acid supplementation plays a crucial role in promoting spinal cord closure during fetal development, preventing neural tube defects. Folic acid helps in the formation of neural tube structures, ensuring proper closure and preventing defects like spina bifida. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as preventing infections, enhancing fetal growth, and regulating blood sugar levels are not direct mechanisms through which folic acid prevents neural tube defects.
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What are the benefits of ultrasound in monitoring fetal growth?
- A. Detects fetal anomalies
- B. Monitors placental health
- C. Assesses amniotic fluid levels
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Ultrasound in monitoring fetal growth can detect fetal anomalies by visualizing the fetus in real-time. It can also monitor placental health by assessing blood flow and position. Additionally, ultrasound can assess amniotic fluid levels to ensure proper fetal development. Therefore, all the benefits mentioned in choices A, B, and C are valid reasons why ultrasound is essential in monitoring fetal growth.
Intraperitoneal uterine rupture involves
- A. A tear of endometrium, myometrium & peritoneum
- B. A tear of the endometrium, myometrium & basal layer
- C. A tear of the endometrium, capsular layer & myometrium
- D. A tear of the endometrium, spongy layer & myometrium only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because intraperitoneal uterine rupture involves a tear that goes through all layers of the uterus - endometrium, myometrium, and peritoneum. This type of rupture extends beyond the muscular layer of the uterus and into the peritoneal cavity. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not include the peritoneum, which is a key component of intraperitoneal uterine rupture. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the layers involved in this type of rupture.
The commonest causative organism of pyelonephritis is
- A. Streptococcus faecalis
- B. Proteus vulgaris
- C. Staphylococcus pyogene
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Escherichia coli. E. coli is the most common causative organism of pyelonephritis due to its prevalence in the gastrointestinal tract. It has specific virulence factors that enable it to ascend the urinary tract and cause infection. Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus pyogene are less commonly associated with pyelonephritis compared to E. coli.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Mallory-Weiss syndrome are among the complications of
- A. Placenta praevia
- B. Hypertensive disorders
- C. Vitamin B deficiency
- D. Hyperemesis gravidarum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why D is correct:
1. Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
2. Prolonged vomiting can lead to electrolyte imbalances and nutritional deficiencies.
3. Vitamin B deficiency, specifically thiamine, can result in Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
4. Mallory-Weiss syndrome can occur due to repeated retching and vomiting.
5. Therefore, hyperemesis gravidarum can lead to both Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
Summary:
A: Placenta praevia is related to abnormal placental placement, not vomiting.
B: Hypertensive disorders are associated with high blood pressure, not vomiting-related complications.
C: Vitamin B deficiency can lead to Wernicke’s encephalopathy but is not directly caused by hyperemesis gravidarum.
The presenting diameters in face presentation are
- A. Submentovertival, bitemporal
- B. Submentobregmatic, bitemporal
- C. Submentobregmatic, biparietal
- D. Mentovertical, bitemporal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Submentovertival, bitemporal. In a face presentation, the presenting diameters are submentovertival (chin to vertex) and bitemporal (temple to temple). This is because the fetus is in a face-first position with the chin presenting first. Option B is incorrect because submentobregmatic is not a recognized presenting diameter in face presentation. Option C is incorrect as biparietal refers to the widest transverse diameter of the fetal head, not relevant in face presentation. Option D is incorrect as mentovertical is not a valid presenting diameter in face presentation.