Nokea
How can the need to respect clients' rights to informed consent be attained in quality of care?
- A. by providing adequate information and counseling
- B. by forcing all patients scheduled for surgery to sign the consent form
- C. by engaging the Senior medical superintendent of the hospital to sign consent forms for the patients
- D. by simply telling the patient to sign the consent form
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'by providing adequate information and counseling.' Respecting clients' rights to informed consent involves ensuring that patients are adequately informed about the procedures they will undergo. This includes providing them with all necessary information and counseling to make an informed decision. Choice B is incorrect because forcing patients to sign consent forms does not ensure that they are fully informed or that their rights are respected. Choice C is incorrect as involving a senior medical superintendent to sign consent forms does not guarantee that patients are adequately informed. Choice D is incorrect because simply telling the patient to sign the consent form does not fulfill the requirement of providing adequate information for informed consent.
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What structure lies posterior to the vagina?
- A. Pouch of Douglas
- B. Rectum
- C. Perineal body
- D. Structures of the vulva
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rectum. The rectum is located posterior to the vagina in the pelvic cavity. The Pouch of Douglas (choice A) is a peritoneal pouch located between the rectum and the uterus. The perineal body (choice C) is a fibrous structure located between the vagina and the anus. Structures of the vulva (choice D) are external genital structures surrounding the vaginal opening, not posterior to the vagina.
At what age are women likely to enter menopause?
- A. 35 - 40 years
- B. 40 - 45 years
- C. 45 - 50 years
- D. 25 - 30 years
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Women generally enter menopause between the ages of 45 - 50 years. During this stage, women experience a decline in estrogen production, leading to the cessation of menstrual cycles. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not fall within the typical age range for menopause onset. Menopause typically occurs later in life, around the age of 45 to 50 years, although individual variations exist.
Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Uterus
- A. The uterus softens in the anterior midline, becomes flexible at the uterocervical junction, blood vasculature increases in size and number, and hypertrophy of myometrial cells occurs.
- B. The uterus decreases in size during pregnancy and remains rigid.
- C. The uterus size remains unchanged, and no changes occur in the blood vasculature.
- D. Uterus becomes more rigid and hypertrophies.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During pregnancy, the uterus undergoes various anatomical and physiological changes. The correct answer, Choice A, accurately describes these changes. The uterus softens in the anterior midline, becomes flexible at the uterocervical junction, experiences an increase in blood vasculature size and number, and myometrial cells hypertrophy. This softening and increased vascularity are essential for accommodating the growing fetus and facilitating delivery. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not reflect the typical changes that occur in the uterus during pregnancy. The uterus does not decrease in size, remain unchanged in size, become more rigid, or hypertrophy without the described softening and vascular changes.
Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Haematological system
- A. Blood volume and plasma volume increase, red blood cells increase, erythropoietin levels decrease, and leukocyte count increases.
- B. Blood volume and plasma volume decrease, and red blood cells decrease.
- C. No changes occur in the haematological system during pregnancy.
- D. Platelet count remains constant, and no change in coagulation factors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During pregnancy, the haematological system undergoes changes to support the growing fetus. Blood volume and plasma volume increase to accommodate the needs of the developing baby. Red blood cells increase to support the increased oxygen demand. Contrary to the statement, erythropoietin levels actually increase to stimulate red blood cell production. Additionally, leukocyte count increases to help the mother's immune system cope with the changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as it describes a decrease in blood components, which is not the case in pregnancy. Choice C is incorrect as there are significant changes in the haematological system during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as platelet count can fluctuate during pregnancy, and there are changes in coagulation factors to prevent excessive bleeding.
What is the inner lining of the non-pregnant uterus called?
- A. Decidua
- B. Myometrium
- C. Endometrium
- D. Sponge layer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Endometrium. The endometrium is the inner lining of the non-pregnant uterus that undergoes cyclic changes in response to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Choice A, Decidua, is the specialized membrane formed during pregnancy. Choice B, Myometrium, refers to the middle layer of the uterine wall composed of smooth muscle. Choice D, Sponge layer, is not a term used to describe the inner lining of the uterus.