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How do spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) differ from cranial nerves (CNs)?
- A. Only spinal nerves occur in pairs.
- B. CNs affect only the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.
- C. Cell bodies of all CNs are located in the brain whereas cell bodies of spinal nerves are located in the spinal cord.
- D. All spinal nerves contain both afferent sensory and efferent motor fibers whereas CNs contain one or the other or both.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Spinal nerves always contain both sensory and motor fibers, while cranial nerves can vary.
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An elderly client has undergone electromyography tests to evaluate muscle weakness and deterioration. The client complains of slight pain after the tests. Which of the following nursing interventions would help relieve the client's discomfort?
- A. Administering topical analgesics to the area where the needle electrodes were inserted
- B. Massaging the area where the needle electrodes were inserted
- C. Applying a cold pack to the area where the needle electrodes were inserted
- D. Applying warm compresses to the area where the needle electrodes were inserted
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cold packs can help reduce inflammation and numb the area, relieving discomfort.
Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements:
- A. parietal lobe
- B. temporal lobe
- C. occipital lobe
- D. frontal lobe
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The frontal lobe contains the primary motor cortex, which is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements. The parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes have different functions, and the diencephalon is not a lobe. Thus, D is the correct answer.
A nursing intervention that would be appropriate to provide respite care?
- A. Help the wife to arrange for adult day care for the patient.
- B. Encourage permanent placement of the patient in the Alzheimer's unit of a long-term care facility.
- C. Refer the wife to a home health agency to arrange daily home nursing visits to assist with the patient's care.
- D. Arrange for hospitalization of the patient for 3 or 4 days so that the wife can visit out-of-town friends and relatives.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Adult day care provides temporary relief for caregivers
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known _________.
- A. postsynaptic receptors
- B. enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters
- C. drugs of abuse
- D. neurotransmitters
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known neurotransmitters that play critical roles in the nervous system. Acetylcholine is involved in muscle contraction, memory, and learning, while norepinephrine regulates attention, arousal, and stress responses. These neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic neurons, triggering electrical signals that propagate neural communication. Their proper functioning is essential for normal brain and body activities.
A 70-year-old patient taking carbidopa/levodopa 25/100 mg three times a day for PD is experiencing end-of-dose wearing off. The best next step is to:
- A. Add tolcapone.
- B. Consider surgery.
- C. Add trihexyphenidyl.
- D. Increase carbidopa/levodopa to four times daily.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Adding tolcapone, a COMT inhibitor, can help manage wearing-off symptoms by prolonging the effect of levodopa.