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How does decision making differ from problem solving?
- A. Decision making always involves selecting from a set of alternatives.
- B. Problem solving always involves selecting one of several alternatives.
- C. Problem solving never involves decision making.
- D. Decision making always involves solving a problem.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because decision making involves evaluating different options and choosing the best one among them, while problem solving focuses on finding a solution to a specific issue or challenge. Therefore, decision making requires selecting from a set of alternatives, which is not always the case in problem solving.
Choice B is incorrect because problem solving may not always involve selecting one of several alternatives; it can also involve finding a creative or innovative solution.
Choice C is incorrect because decision making can be part of problem solving when determining the best course of action.
Choice D is incorrect because decision making does not always involve solving a problem; it can also involve making choices in various situations.
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What is the primary purpose of clinical pathways in healthcare?
- A. Reduce hospital readmissions
- B. Standardize care
- C. Provide individualized care
- D. Streamline care processes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Provide individualized care. Clinical pathways aim to offer a structured approach to patient care while allowing customization based on individual patient needs. By providing a standardized outline of care steps, healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans to meet each patient's unique circumstances. This promotes more personalized and effective care delivery.
Incorrect choices:
A: Reduce hospital readmissions - Clinical pathways may help in reducing readmissions, but this is not their primary purpose.
B: Standardize care - While clinical pathways do standardize care to some extent, their main goal is to individualize care based on patient needs.
D: Streamline care processes - While clinical pathways can streamline care processes, the primary focus is on providing individualized care rather than solely on process efficiency.
A 38-year-old patient who has type 1 diabetes plans to swim laps daily at 1:00 PM. The clinic nurse will plan to teach the patient to
- A. check glucose levels before, during, and after swimming.
- B. delay eating the noon meal until after swimming.
- C. increase the morning dose of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin.
- D. time the morning insulin injection so that the peak occurs while swimming.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the patient with type 1 diabetes should check glucose levels before, during, and after swimming to monitor for fluctuations and adjust insulin or food intake accordingly. This allows for better glycemic control and prevents hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia during and after swimming.
Choice B is incorrect because delaying eating can lead to hypoglycemia during swimming due to increased insulin action without adequate glucose intake. Choice C is incorrect as increasing NPH insulin dose without monitoring glucose levels can result in hypoglycemia during exercise. Choice D is incorrect because timing the insulin injection for peak action while swimming can also lead to hypoglycemia if glucose levels are not monitored.
A 34-year-old has a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The nurse will discuss the need to schedule a dilated eye exam
- A. every 2 years
- B. as soon as possible
- C. when the patient is 39 years old
- D. within the first year after diagnosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (as soon as possible) because individuals with type 2 diabetes are at risk for diabetic retinopathy, a complication that can lead to vision loss. Early detection through a dilated eye exam allows for timely intervention to prevent or slow down progression. Choice A (every 2 years) may not be frequent enough for early detection. Choice C (when the patient is 39 years old) is not specific to the individual's diabetes diagnosis. Choice D (within the first year after diagnosis) is too delayed for optimal monitoring. Thus, scheduling a dilated eye exam as soon as possible is crucial for early detection and management of diabetic retinopathy.
A nurse is caring for a client who has diarrhea due to shigella. Which of the following precautions should the nurse implement for this client?
- A. Have the client wear a mask when receiving visitors.
- B. Limit the client's time with visitors to no more than 30 minutes per day.
- C. Assign the client to a room with negative-pressure airflow exchange.
- D. Wear a gown when caring for the client.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Limit the client's time with visitors to no more than 30 minutes per day. This is the correct precaution because shigella is transmitted through fecal-oral route. By limiting the client's time with visitors, the risk of spreading the infection to others is minimized.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: Having the client wear a mask when receiving visitors is not necessary for preventing the spread of shigella, as it is not transmitted through the air.
C: Assigning the client to a room with negative-pressure airflow exchange is more suitable for airborne infections, not for shigella which is transmitted through fecal-oral route.
D: While wearing a gown when caring for the client is a good infection control practice, it is not specifically indicated for preventing the spread of shigella through contact with visitors.
How will working in a high-volume, noisy emergency room in an urban area with a high incidence of assault victims affect staff?
- A. Feelings of extreme overload.
- B. Fear of failure.
- C. A pessimistic sense about the world.
- D. Inability to separate intense work situations from personal situations.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fear of failure. Working in a high-volume, noisy emergency room with a high incidence of assault victims can lead to staff experiencing fear of failure due to the intense and high-pressure nature of the work environment. Staff may feel overwhelmed by the constant influx of critical cases and the need to make quick decisions, which can contribute to a fear of not being able to save every patient. This fear can impact their confidence and increase stress levels.
Incorrect choices:
A: Feelings of extreme overload - While staff may feel overwhelmed, the specific impact mentioned in this choice is not directly related to the work environment described.
C: A pessimistic sense about the world - This choice is too broad and not necessarily tied to the specific challenges of working in this type of emergency room.
D: Inability to separate intense work situations from personal situations - While this can be a challenge, it is not the primary effect discussed in the question stem.