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How does the concept of neural plasticity relate to recovery from brain injuries?
- A. Neural plasticity means the brain cannot recover from injuries.
- B. Neural plasticity allows the brain to recover and reorganize after injuries.
- C. Neural plasticity refers to the brain's inability to change after injury.
- D. Neural plasticity is a myth.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neural plasticity allows the brain to recover and reorganize after injuries. It is the brain's ability to adapt and change, forming new connections or reorganizing existing ones to compensate for damage. Choice A is incorrect as neural plasticity enables recovery. Choice C is incorrect as neural plasticity involves the brain's capacity to change. Choice D is incorrect as neural plasticity is a well-established phenomenon in neuroscience.
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How do childhood experiences influence adult psychopathology?
- A. Childhood experiences have no impact on adult psychopathology.
- B. Childhood experiences can have a profound impact on adult psychopathology.
- C. Childhood experiences are unrelated to adult psychopathology.
- D. Childhood experiences have only a minimal impact on adult psychopathology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Childhood experiences, such as trauma and attachment issues, can indeed have a profound impact on adult psychopathology. These experiences can shape an individual's psychological development, influencing their mental health and well-being throughout their life. Choice A is incorrect as research shows that childhood experiences do play a significant role in adult psychopathology. Choice C is also incorrect as there is evidence supporting the link between childhood experiences and adult psychopathology. Choice D is incorrect because childhood experiences can have more than just a minimal impact on adult psychopathology; they can be quite substantial.
What are protective factors? Give an example of one and explain how it can impact a person's later functioning.
- A. Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, making adverse consequences less likely.
- B. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which may lead to resilience.
- C. Protective factors usually lead to resilience, the ability to adapt successfully to stressful circumstances.
- D. Protective factors always prevent the development of psychopathology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which can foster resilience in individuals. Resilience allows individuals to adapt successfully to stressful situations. Choice A is incorrect as protective factors do not always prevent adverse consequences but reduce their likelihood. Choice C is incorrect as resilience is the outcome of protective factors, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as while protective factors can reduce the risk of psychopathology, they do not always prevent its development.
While having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees that Parkinson's disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson's disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a ________, but not a ________.
- A. risk factor; sufficient cause
- B. sufficient cause; necessary cause
- C. necessary cause; risk factor
- D. contributory cause; sufficient cause
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'sufficient cause; necessary cause.' A sufficient cause will inevitably produce the disorder, but it is not the only factor. In this case, having the gene for Parkinson's disease is a sufficient cause, meaning it alone can lead to the development of the disease. However, it is not a necessary cause because Parkinson's disease can still develop without the presence of this gene. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the relationship between the gene and the development of Parkinson's disease as depicted in the question.
Why does the selection of a theoretical perspective of mental disorders matter?
- A. Because it determines how data is interpreted, and influences treatment approaches.
- B. It matters because different perspectives offer different insights into the causes and treatments of mental disorders.
- C. The selection of a theoretical perspective is not important as all perspectives lead to the same treatment outcomes.
- D. Theoretical perspectives are only relevant for academic research, not for clinical practice.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The selection of a theoretical perspective matters because it determines how data is interpreted and influences the treatment approaches that are considered appropriate. Choice B is incorrect because different perspectives may lead to different interpretations and treatment strategies. Choice C is incorrect because different theoretical perspectives can result in varied treatment outcomes. Choice D is incorrect because theoretical perspectives play a crucial role in both academic research and clinical practice.
According to Freud, a person who does not appropriately resolve each psychosexual stage would be _________ at that stage.
- A. defended
- B. fixated
- C. repressed
- D. displaced
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, if a person does not resolve a particular stage successfully, they become fixated at that stage. This fixation can lead to behavior patterns characteristic of that stage in later life. In this context, 'defended' is incorrect because it does not align with Freud's theory of fixation. 'Repressed' is not the correct choice as it refers to the unconscious suppression of thoughts or desires. 'Displaced' involves redirecting emotions from their original source to a substitute target, which is not the concept Freud associated with unresolved psychosexual stages.