Nokea
How is pruning best defined?
- A. The process of eliminating unused synapses
- B. The process of synapse development
- C. The connection between neurons
- D. Fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pruning is the process of eliminating unused synapses in the brain. This process helps the brain to become more efficient by strengthening important connections and eliminating unnecessary ones. Choice B is incorrect because pruning is about eliminating synapses, not developing them. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the general concept of connections between neurons, not specifically about pruning. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the myelin sheath, which is responsible for rapid transmission of information along neurons, not pruning.
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What did Freud believe about castration anxiety among boys?
- A. Results in penis envy.
- B. Dissolves the Oedipus complex.
- C. Cognitive; learning.
- D. Biological; ecological.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Freud believed that castration anxiety among boys leads to the resolution of the Oedipus complex, not penis envy or cognitive learning. The Oedipus complex is a central psychodynamic concept in Freudian theory, where boys develop unconscious desires for their mothers and view their fathers as rivals, fearing castration by their fathers as a consequence.
Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a humanist?
- A. Humans are unique.
- B. The behavior of humans tends to be influenced by environmental circumstances.
- C. Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials.
- D. Research on animals has little relevance to understanding human behavior.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The corrected question assesses the least likely statement made by a humanist. Choice B, 'The behavior of humans tends to be influenced by environmental circumstances,' is least likely to be made by a humanist. Humanists believe that human behavior is not simply dictated by environmental circumstances but is influenced by a combination of factors, including personal experiences, emotions, and conscious decisions. Choices A, C, and D are more aligned with humanist perspectives. Choice A acknowledges the uniqueness of humans, which is a common theme in humanistic psychology. Choice C reflects the humanistic belief that individuals strive to reach their full potential and self-actualization. Choice D contrasts with humanist views as humanists often consider research on animals to be relevant in understanding human behavior due to shared basic psychological processes.
Strict behaviorists would be most sympathetic to which one of the following statements?
- A. Human behavior is primarily caused by inherited factors.
- B. Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
- C. Human behavior is primarily caused by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors.
- D. No one really knows the primary causes for human behavior.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Strict behaviorists, who adhere to behaviorism, believe that human behavior is primarily influenced by environmental factors. This perspective asserts that individuals' actions and responses are shaped by their interactions with the environment, learning experiences, and external stimuli. Choice A is incorrect because strict behaviorists do not focus on inherited factors but on how behavior is learned and shaped through environmental influences. Choice C is also incorrect as behaviorists do not believe in equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors; they emphasize environmental determinants. Choice D is incorrect as behaviorists have a clear stance that behavior is influenced by environmental stimuli and learning experiences.
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called?
- A. Behavior modification.
- B. Primal therapy.
- C. Psychoanalysis.
- D. Rational-emotive therapy.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, not behavior modification, primal therapy, or rational-emotive therapy, as an innovative method for treating psychological problems. Psychoanalysis focuses on exploring unconscious motivations to understand and address psychological disorders, making it the correct answer. Behavior modification involves changing behavior through conditioning techniques, primal therapy emphasizes expressing repressed emotions, and rational-emotive therapy aims to identify and change irrational beliefs.
Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are most consistent with?
- A. The behaviorist approach to psychology.
- B. The functionalist approach to psychology.
- C. The structuralist approach to psychology.
- D. The psychoanalytic approach to psychology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dr. Smythe's belief that understanding the purpose of taste in survival is more critical than focusing on the elementary components aligns with the functionalist approach to psychology. Functionalism emphasizes understanding the purpose or function of mental processes and behavior, rather than just analyzing their individual components. This approach looks at how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment and survive. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not prioritize understanding the purpose of mental processes and behavior in the context of survival.