Nokea
How many amino acids are considered indispensable or essential?
- A. 9
- B. 10
- C. 12
- D. 14
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 9. Nine amino acids are considered essential or indispensable because they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. These amino acids include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the number of essential amino acids is specifically 9, as they are crucial for various bodily functions.
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How is the enzyme trypsin activated?
- A. By zymogen.
- B. By bile.
- C. By gastrin.
- D. By enterokinase.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: By enterokinase. Trypsin is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme secreted by the small intestine. Enterokinase plays a crucial role in converting trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because trypsin is specifically activated by enterokinase, not by zymogen, bile, or gastrin.
Which type of carbohydrate helps maintain normal blood glucose levels during fasting periods?
- A. Glucose
- B. Galactose
- C. Dextrins
- D. Glycogen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is glycogen. Glycogen is a type of carbohydrate stored in the body that is broken down into glucose to help maintain blood glucose levels during fasting periods. Glucose (choice A) is the simplest form of sugar and is a product of carbohydrate digestion, not the stored form like glycogen. Galactose (choice B) is a monosaccharide found in dairy products. Dextrins (choice C) are intermediate products of starch digestion and not directly involved in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting.
Which compound is necessary for emulsification of fat in the body?
- A. Bile salts
- B. Cholecystokinin
- C. Chyme
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bile salts are essential for emulsifying fats in the body. They break down fats into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on during digestion. Cholecystokinin is a hormone that stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes, but it is not directly involved in emulsification. Chyme is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine and does not play a role in emulsifying fats. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that acts on proteins, not fats.
A protein that contains all the essential amino acids in the proper proportions is called:
- A. simple
- B. indispensable
- C. complete
- D. complementary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A complete protein is the term used to describe a protein that contains all the essential amino acids required by the body in the right proportions. This makes choice C the correct answer. Choice A, 'simple,' is incorrect as it does not reflect the concept of essential amino acids. Choice B, 'indispensable,' while related to importance, does not specifically address the presence of all essential amino acids. Choice D, 'complementary,' is also incorrect as it refers to combining proteins to achieve a complete amino acid profile, rather than describing a protein that already contains all essential amino acids.
What are oligosaccharides composed of?
- A. 3 to 10 monosaccharide units.
- B. large portions of partially digested starch.
- C. nonnutritive sweeteners.
- D. used for weight management.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units, making choice A the correct answer. Choice B is incorrect as oligosaccharides do not contain partially digested starch. Choice C is incorrect as nonnutritive sweeteners are a different category of compounds. Choice D is incorrect as oligosaccharides are not primarily used for weight management.