Nokea
In which individual does negative nitrogen balance occur?
- A. Adult who engages in a weight-training program.
- B. Woman who is pregnant or lactating.
- C. Child who is growing.
- D. Older adult with anorexia.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Negative nitrogen balance occurs when the body loses more nitrogen than it gains. This imbalance is often seen in conditions like anorexia in older adults, where insufficient protein intake leads to muscle breakdown and negative nitrogen balance. Choices A, B, and C do not typically lead to negative nitrogen balance as seen in anorexia in older adults.
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An important characteristic of amino acids is that they can:
- A. act as buffers.
- B. facilitate glucose storage.
- C. regulate heartbeat.
- D. control the level of blood cholesterol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: act as buffers. Amino acids can act as buffers by helping to maintain the pH balance in the body. Choice B is incorrect because amino acids do not primarily facilitate glucose storage. Choice C is incorrect as amino acids do not regulate the heartbeat. Choice D is also incorrect because amino acids do not control the level of blood cholesterol.
Most fat replacers are made from:
- A. proteins.
- B. carbohydrates.
- C. cholesterol.
- D. monoglycerides.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Most fat replacers are made from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are utilized to mimic the texture of fats in food products. Proteins (Choice A) are not commonly used as fat replacers and are more often associated with other functions in food. Cholesterol (Choice C) is a type of fat and not used to replace fat in food products. Monoglycerides (Choice D) are sometimes used as emulsifiers or stabilizers in food products but are not the primary source of fat replacers.
Which tissue has the highest rate of protein turnover?
- A. Skin
- B. Intestinal mucosa
- C. Muscle
- D. Adipose tissue
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Intestinal mucosa. The intestinal mucosa has the highest rate of protein turnover due to its rapid cell renewal. The skin, muscle, and adipose tissue do not exhibit protein turnover rates as high as the intestinal mucosa. Skin cells turnover relatively slower compared to the rapid renewal of intestinal mucosa cells. Muscles have a moderate rate of protein turnover, while adipose tissue has a lower turnover rate compared to the other tissues mentioned.
Proteins are absorbed primarily in the form of:
- A. fatty acids.
- B. disaccharides.
- C. amino acids.
- D. polypeptides.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: amino acids. Proteins are broken down by digestive enzymes into amino acids before being absorbed in the small intestine. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are the form in which they are primarily absorbed. Choice A (fatty acids) is incorrect as fatty acids are the end products of fat digestion, not protein digestion. Choice B (disaccharides) is incorrect because disaccharides are sugars that are broken down into monosaccharides, not proteins. Choice D (polypeptides) is incorrect as proteins are broken down into amino acids and not absorbed as polypeptides.
Infections are common in people who have inadequate protein intake because of an insufficient quantity of:
- A. insulin.
- B. lipoprotein.
- C. antibodies.
- D. albumin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Inadequate protein intake can lead to a decrease in antibody production, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Insulin (Choice A) is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not related to protein intake. Lipoprotein (Choice B) is a type of lipid-protein complex involved in lipid transport, not directly related to antibody production. Albumin (Choice D) is a protein that helps maintain oncotic pressure and carries various substances in the blood, but it is not primarily responsible for fighting infections like antibodies.