Nokea
How many amino acids can make up a protein?
- A. 10-20
- B. 50-100
- C. 100-500
- D. 1000+
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, and there are 20 standard amino acids commonly found in proteins. The sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of a protein. While proteins can vary in size and complexity, the number of amino acids typically ranges from around 10 to 20 in smaller proteins to hundreds or even thousands in larger proteins. Therefore, the range of 10-20 amino acids is the most accurate representation of the number of amino acids that can make up a protein. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they provide ranges that are beyond the typical number of amino acids found in proteins and may lead to confusion. The correct answer is A (10-20).
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Which organ produces insulin, a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?
- A. Parathyroid gland
- B. Pancreas
- C. Thymus gland
- D. Ovaries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. Beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas are responsible for insulin production. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, thereby maintaining blood sugar levels within a normal range. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the parathyroid gland is primarily involved in regulating calcium levels, the thymus gland is involved in immune function, and the ovaries are involved in reproductive functions, not insulin production for blood sugar regulation.
Which of the following is a condition characterized by a loss of bone density and increased risk of fractures?
- A. Osteoarthritis
- B. Rickets
- C. Osteoporosis
- D. Scoliosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a loss of bone density, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease affecting cartilage, Rickets is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D leading to impaired bone development, and Scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. Therefore, the correct answer is osteoporosis as it specifically pertains to decreased bone density and fracture risk, distinguishing it from the other conditions listed.
What is the primary function of the liver?
- A. To produce bile, which aids in the digestion of fats
- B. To store energy in the form of glycogen
- C. To produce proteins that assist in blood clotting
- D. To detoxify harmful substances in the body
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary function of the liver is to detoxify harmful substances in the body. While the liver does produce bile to aid in the digestion of fats, this is not its primary function. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine for fat digestion. Storing energy in the form of glycogen is a function of the liver, but not its primary one. Glycogen serves as a reserve of glucose. Although the liver produces proteins that assist in blood clotting, such as fibrinogen and prothrombin, this is not its main function. These proteins play a crucial role in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding. Therefore, the primary role of the liver is to detoxify harmful substances by processing and removing toxins, drugs, alcohol, and other harmful substances from the bloodstream, thereby reducing their harmful effects.
A large geographic area characterized by similar climate, plants, and animals is called a:
- A. Population
- B. Community
- C. Biome
- D. Ecosystem
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A) Population refers to a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.
B) Community refers to all the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular area.
C) Biome is a large geographic area characterized by similar climate, plants, and animals. Biomes are defined by factors such as temperature, precipitation, and vegetation types.
D) Ecosystem refers to a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. An ecosystem can be part of a biome.
What is the main component of stomach acid?
- A. Hydrochloric acid
- B. Bicarbonate
- C. Bile salts
- D. Enzymes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Stomach acid, also known as gastric acid, is primarily composed of hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid plays a crucial role in the digestive process by helping to break down food and kill bacteria in the stomach. Bicarbonate is a base that helps neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, but it is not the main component of stomach acid. Bile salts are produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats, but they are not the main component of stomach acid. Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in the body, including the breakdown of food molecules during digestion, but they are not the main component of stomach acid.