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How would the clinical and epidemiologic descriptions of a disease differ, and how would they be similar?
- A. Clinical focuses on individual cases; epidemiologic focuses on populations.
- B. Clinical uses laboratory tests; epidemiologic uses surveys.
- C. Clinical focuses on treatment; epidemiologic focuses on prevention.
- D. Both focus on identifying disease causes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clinical descriptions emphasize individual diagnosis and treatment, while epidemiologic descriptions analyze patterns and causes in populations.
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obesity occurs due to:
- A. more consumption of calorie
- B. more consumption of protein
- C. more consumption of vitamins
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Obesity results from excessive calorie intake compared to energy expenditure.
In the study of COPD which test will be suitable:
- A. Z test
- B. t- test
- C. chi-square test
- D. anova test
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: T-tests are commonly used to compare means in studies like those evaluating COPD treatments.
First and foremost, element of PHC is
- A. Immunization
- B. FP/MCH
- C. Health education
- D. Provision of safe drinking water
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Health education is considered the cornerstone and first element of Primary Health Care (PHC).
Identify some infectious diseases that could reach pandemic occurrence during the 21st century.
- A. Influenza, Ebola, Zika.
- B. Diabetes, hypertension.
- C. Osteoporosis, arthritis.
- D. Cancer, Alzheimer's.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Emerging infectious diseases with high transmissibility, such as influenza and Ebola, pose significant pandemic risks.
Suggest other examples of how epidemiology might be applied to study the causality of disease.
- A. Investigating the link between air pollution and respiratory diseases.
- B. Studying the impact of diet on cardiovascular health.
- C. Examining the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epidemiology can study disease causality in various contexts, including environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and behavioral risks.