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The fraction 50 / 54 is a/an:
- A. Attack rate
- B. Food-specific attack rate
- C. Incidence proportion
- D. Proportion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This fraction focuses on illness among those exposed to wedding cake.
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Identify some infectious diseases that could reach pandemic occurrence during the 21st century.
- A. Influenza, Ebola, Zika.
- B. Diabetes, hypertension.
- C. Osteoporosis, arthritis.
- D. Cancer, Alzheimer's.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Emerging infectious diseases with high transmissibility, such as influenza and Ebola, pose significant pandemic risks.
Identify the type of study design described: The physical examination records of the incoming first-year class of 1935 at the University of Minnesota are examined in 1980 to see whether the freshmen's recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university were related to their chance of developing coronary heart disease by 1981.
- A. Cohort study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Cross-sectional study
- D. Ecological study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This retrospective analysis constitutes a cohort study linking baseline characteristics to future outcomes.
SAP stands for
- A. reducing public sector subsidy
- B. increasing public sector subsidy
- C. increasing government sector subsidy
- D. none
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) often aim at reducing public sector subsidies.
How does the 'healthy worker effect' influence the interpretation of findings from occupational health research?
- A. It tends to decrease mortality differences between workers and the general population.
- B. It tends to increase mortality differences between workers and the general population.
- C. It has no impact on mortality comparisons.
- D. It only affects morbidity rates.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The healthy worker effect biases comparisons because workers are generally healthier than the general population, reducing apparent mortality differences.
The balancing equation is
- A. P1+(B-D)+(I-E)=P2
- B. P1-(B-D)-(I-E)=P2
- C. P2+(B-D)+(I-E)=P1
- D. P1+P1(B-D)+P1(I-E)=P2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The balancing equation for population change is P1 + (B-D) + (I-E) = P2, where B is births, D is deaths, I is in-migration, and E is out-migration.