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How would you design an ecologic study to investigate the following problems? How might the ecologic fallacy come into play in each situation? a. lung disease and air pollution b. birth defects and hazardous waste c. cancer and radiation leakage from a power plant
- A. Ecologic fallacy arises when group-level findings incorrectly infer individual-level relationships.
- B. Ecologic studies cannot address causality.
- C. All ecologic studies suffer from severe biases.
- D. Ecologic studies are irrelevant for public health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ecologic studies analyze aggregated data, risking incorrect inferences about individuals (ecologic fallacy).
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What are some possible hazards associated with the organochloride pesticide DDT?
- A. Bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity.
- B. Immediate skin irritation and respiratory distress.
- C. Increased crop yield and soil fertility.
- D. Improved water quality and biodiversity.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DDT bioaccumulates in ecosystems and is linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity in wildlife and humans.
The measure of central location generally preferred for additional statistical analysis is the:
- A. Mean
- B. Median
- C. Midrange
- D. Mode
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The mean is used in further computations due to its mathematical properties.
The dose of toxin that is lethal to half of the population is known as..
- A. LD50
- B. L50
- C. D50
- D. LD
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: LD50 refers to the lethal dose required to kill 50% of a population, commonly used in toxicology studies.
The mean BP of a group of persons was determined and after an intervention trial the mean BP was estimated again the test to be applied to determine the significance of intervention is:
- A. Chi square test
- B. Paired test
- C. Correlation coefficient
- D. Z test
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Paired tests evaluate changes within the same group before and after an intervention.
In the epidemiological terminology human host is referred to as
- A. Soil
- B. Seed
- C. Extrinsic factor
- D. none of them
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In epidemiology, 'soil' refers to the environment or host where the pathogen (seed) grows.