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Hyoscine is one of the most effective drugs for preventing motion sickness, but may cause photophobia or blurred vision. Which is the most similar prototype drug?
- A. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- B. Propranolol
- C. Atropine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Hyoscine is an antimuscarinic drug used for motion sickness.
Step 2: Atropine is a similar prototype drug as it also belongs to the antimuscarinic class.
Step 3: Atropine, like hyoscine, can cause photophobia and blurred vision.
Step 4: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (A) are not related to antimuscarinic drugs.
Step 5: Propranolol (B) is a beta-blocker and not an antimuscarinic drug.
Step 6: Bethanechol (D) is a muscarinic agonist, opposite in action to antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine and atropine.
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Which of the following statements about the hormone glucagon is true?
- A. It is secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
- B. It is secreted in response to a rise in blood glucose
- C. It promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
- D. It promotes the synthesis of glycogen in the liver
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in response to low blood glucose levels. When released, glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis, thus increasing blood glucose levels. This helps maintain blood glucose homeostasis during fasting or low glucose conditions. Options A and B are incorrect because glucagon is secreted by alpha cells, not beta cells, and in response to low blood glucose, not high. Option D is incorrect as glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown, not synthesis.
Which statement about the appliance must be correct?
- A. It does not have a live connection.
- B. It has two fuses.
- C. It has two switches.
- D. It is double-insulated.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: It is double-insulated. This is correct because double-insulated appliances have an extra layer of insulation for added safety, eliminating the need for a grounded connection. This feature protects users from electric shocks.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: It does not have a live connection - This is not necessarily true as appliances can have live connections depending on their design and function.
B: It has two fuses - While some appliances may have fuses, the number of fuses does not determine the correctness of the statement about the appliance.
C: It has two switches - The presence of two switches does not necessarily indicate the correctness of the statement about the appliance.
Insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and oxytocin:
- A. are hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
- B. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- C. increase blood glucose levels.
- D. are hormones.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and oxytocin are all hormones produced by various glands in the body.
2. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, cortisol by the adrenal glands, thyroxine by the thyroid gland, and oxytocin by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland.
3. Each of these hormones plays a different role in the body, such as regulating blood glucose levels, metabolism, stress response, and reproductive functions.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D: they are all hormones.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones are specific hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland.
B: Incorrect. Adenohypophysis secretes different hormones, not these specific ones.
C: Incorrect. Insulin, for example, decreases blood glucose levels, while cortisol increases blood glucose levels.
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
- A. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
- B. The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility.
- C. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
- D. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for sperm production in males.
Step 2: FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary gland.
Step 3: In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support sperm production.
Step 4: Therefore, if a man is not synthesizing enough FSH, it can lead to reduced sperm production and fertility issues.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - FSH is synthesized by males in the anterior pituitary gland, not just females for estrogen secretion.
B: Incorrect - Hormones produced in the adenohypophysis, like FSH, play a crucial role in fertility.
D: Incorrect - Progesterone does not inhibit the synthesis of FSH; it is involved in the female reproductive system, not male fertility.
State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.