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Why are the hormones cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone referred to as counter regulatory hormones?
- A. Decrease glucose production
- B. Stimulate glucose output by the liver
- C. Increase glucose transport into the cells
- D. Independently regulate glucose level in the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Counter regulatory hormones, including cortisol and glucagon, stimulate the liver to release glucose to counteract hypoglycemia.
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The endocrine gland(s) that sits on top of the kidneys and secretes both metabolic stabilizers and stress regulators:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and secrete hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which play a key role in regulating metabolism and responding to stress. The pancreas (A) primarily regulates blood sugar levels. The thyroid gland (C) regulates metabolism and growth. The pituitary gland (D) controls several other endocrine glands but is not located on top of the kidneys and does not secrete metabolic stabilizers and stress regulators.
Which statement explains why elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties?
- A. They have different numbers of protons.
- B. They have the same number of neutrons.
- C. They have the same number of electron shells.
- D. They have the same number of outer-shell electrons.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. Elements in the same group have similar outer electron configurations.
2. Outer-shell electrons determine chemical properties.
3. Having the same number of outer-shell electrons leads to similar chemical behaviors.
4. This is due to similar valence electron interactions in chemical reactions.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Protons do not determine chemical properties in the same group.
B: Incorrect. Neutrons do not affect chemical properties in the same group.
C: Incorrect. Having the same number of electron shells does not guarantee similar chemical properties.
A patient with Graves' disease asks the nurse what caused the disorder. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. The cause of Graves' disease is not known, although it is thought to be genetic.
- B. It is usually associated with goiter formation from an iodine deficiency over a long period of time.
- C. Antibodies develop against thyroid tissue and destroy it, causing a deficiency of thyroid hormones.
- D. In genetically susceptible persons, antibodies are formed that cause excessive thyroid hormone secretion.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Graves' disease is caused by antibodies stimulating the thyroid to produce excessive thyroid hormones in genetically predisposed individuals.
Which of the following group of clients should be assessed for pheochromocytoma?
- A. Clients with hypertension that is difficult to control
- B. Clients with high blood glucose levels
- C. Clients who take more than two medicines to control their blood pressure
- D. Clients with either primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clients with hypertension that is difficult to control should be assessed for pheochromocytoma, as this condition involves tumors in the adrenal glands that release excess catecholamines, leading to high blood pressure.
The house officer considers prescribing nadolol for a 53-year-old patient. Which of the following preexisting conditions (co-morbidities) would most likely contraindicate safe use of this drug?
- A. Angina pectoris, chronic-stable (effort-induced)
- B. Asthma
- C. Essential hypertension
- D. Heart failure, mild
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Asthma. Nadolol is a non-selective beta-blocker, which can lead to bronchoconstriction and worsen asthma symptoms due to its effect on beta-2 receptors in the lungs. This can be dangerous for patients with asthma as it can exacerbate respiratory distress. Choices A, C, and D are not contraindications for nadolol as it can actually be beneficial in these conditions by reducing heart rate and blood pressure.