Nokea
This is Not a Function of Insulin
- A. Decreasing glycogenolysis
- B. Lipogenesis
- C. Gluconeogenesis
- D. Glycogenesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gluconeogenesis is not a function of insulin. Insulin's main role is to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, to increase blood glucose levels. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis by suppressing the enzymes involved in this process. Choices A, B, and D are all functions of insulin: A) Decreasing glycogenolysis - insulin promotes glycogen synthesis by inhibiting glycogen breakdown, B) Lipogenesis - insulin enhances the conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids for storage, and D) Glycogenesis - insulin increases the formation of glycogen from glucose for storage.
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Which one of the following drugs can trigger severe bronchospasm in a patient who has asthma?
- A. Atropine
- B. Isoproterenol
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Propranolol. Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that can trigger severe bronchospasm in patients with asthma by blocking beta-2 receptors in the lungs, leading to bronchoconstriction. Atropine (A) is an anticholinergic drug that dilates the airways. Isoproterenol (B) is a beta-agonist that relaxes the airway smooth muscles. Phenylephrine (C) is a sympathomimetic drug that constricts blood vessels, not airways.
A patient with Graves' disease asks the nurse what caused the disorder. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. The cause of Graves' disease is not known, although it is thought to be genetic.
- B. It is usually associated with goiter formation from an iodine deficiency over a long period of time.
- C. Antibodies develop against thyroid tissue and destroy it, causing a deficiency of thyroid hormones.
- D. In genetically susceptible persons, antibodies are formed that cause excessive thyroid hormone secretion.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Graves' disease is caused by antibodies stimulating the thyroid to produce excessive thyroid hormones in genetically predisposed individuals.
The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT:
- A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal
- B. stimulation of gastric acid secretion
- C. stimulation of gastric motility
- D. contraction of gastro-oesophageal junction musculature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gastrin primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, not insulin secretion. Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach, leading to increased gastric acid production and motility to aid in digestion. Insulin secretion is mainly regulated by glucose levels in the blood and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Therefore, the stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal is not a direct action of gastrin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they accurately describe the actions of gastrin in the digestive system.
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
- A. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
- B. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
- C. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location
- D. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the neurohypophysis stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus for release into the bloodstream. The neurohypophysis does not produce its own hormones but acts as a storage and release site.
A is incorrect as the neurohypophysis does play a role in hormonal release through the release of hormones produced by the hypothalamus. B is incorrect as the neurohypophysis remains functional in adults. C is incorrect as the neurohypophysis does function as an endocrine tissue by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin:
- A. are secreted by the neurohypophysis.
- B. are mineralocorticoids.
- C. are secreted by the islets of Langerhans.
- D. stimulate the kidney to excrete Na+ and water.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct:
1. ADH and oxytocin are peptide hormones.
2. They are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
3. They are transported and stored in the neurohypophysis.
4. Upon stimulation, they are released from the neurohypophysis.
5. Therefore, both ADH and oxytocin are indeed secreted by the neurohypophysis.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: ADH and oxytocin are not mineralocorticoids; they regulate water balance and uterine contractions, respectively.
C: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon, not ADH or oxytocin.
D: ADH promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, opposite to excreting Na+ and water.