Nokea
Which of the following group of clients should be assessed for pheochromocytoma?
- A. Clients with hypertension that is difficult to control
- B. Clients with high blood glucose levels
- C. Clients who take more than two medicines to control their blood pressure
- D. Clients with either primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clients with hypertension that is difficult to control should be assessed for pheochromocytoma, as this condition involves tumors in the adrenal glands that release excess catecholamines, leading to high blood pressure.
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How do hormones respond following the ingestion of a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal?
- A. Both insulin and glucagon are inhibited because blood glucose levels are unchanged.
- B. Insulin is inhibited by low glucose levels and glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis.
- C. Insulin is released to facilitate the breakdown of amino acids into glucose and glucagon is inhibited.
- D. Glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis and insulin is released to facilitate movement of amino acids into muscle cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: After a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal, glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose levels, while insulin facilitates amino acid transport into muscle cells.
Which of the Following Hormones Regulate Blood Sodium and Potassium Levels in the Body?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Glycogens
- D. Pheromones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer as it specifically regulates blood sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys to enhance sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol is a stress hormone, not directly involved in electrolyte regulation. Glycogens are stored glucose molecules, not hormones. Pheromones are chemical signals for communication, not involved in electrolyte balance.
Why are the hormones cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone referred to as counter regulatory hormones?
- A. Decrease glucose production
- B. Stimulate glucose output by the liver
- C. Increase glucose transport into the cells
- D. Independently regulate glucose level in the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Counter regulatory hormones, including cortisol and glucagon, stimulate the liver to release glucose to counteract hypoglycemia.
Glucagon:
- A. is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose.
- B. regulates sodium and water balance.
- C. is a steroid.
- D. is a glucocorticoid.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
2. It is released in response to low blood glucose levels to increase blood sugar.
3. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
4. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the function of glucagon.
Summary:
Choice B is incorrect because glucagon does not regulate sodium and water balance. Choice C is incorrect as glucagon is not a steroid hormone. Choice D is incorrect as glucagon is not a glucocorticoid hormone.
Which one of the following drugs can trigger severe bronchospasm in a patient who has asthma?
- A. Atropine
- B. Isoproterenol
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Propranolol. Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that can trigger severe bronchospasm in patients with asthma by blocking beta-2 receptors in the lungs, leading to bronchoconstriction. Atropine (A) is an anticholinergic drug that dilates the airways. Isoproterenol (B) is a beta-agonist that relaxes the airway smooth muscles. Phenylephrine (C) is a sympathomimetic drug that constricts blood vessels, not airways.