Nokea
How is hormone secretion regulated?
- A. by the nervous system
- B. by other hormones
- C. by changes in blood composition
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormone secretion is regulated by various factors. The nervous system can directly stimulate or inhibit hormone release. Other hormones can act as signals to trigger or suppress the secretion of specific hormones. Changes in blood composition, such as glucose levels or electrolyte concentrations, can also influence hormone production and release. Therefore, all of the options play a role in regulating hormone secretion, making choice D the correct answer.
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The action of ganglion blockers on the following items is essentially similar to atropine EXCEPT on:
- A. Eye
- B. Gastrointestinal tract
- C. Urinary bladder
- D. Blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blood pressure. Ganglion blockers, similar to atropine, block the transmission of nerve impulses at ganglia. Ganglion blockers affect the eye, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary bladder by inhibiting parasympathetic activity. However, ganglion blockers do not have a significant direct effect on blood pressure regulation. Blood pressure is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system through the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, not solely at ganglia. Therefore, the correct answer is D because ganglion blockers do not directly influence blood pressure regulation.
At the skeletal muscle sarcomere, Ca2+ ions do each of the following, except:
- A. Bind to troponin to help uncover tropomyosin
- B. Help expose active sites on actin strands
- C. Is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum at terminal cisternae
- D. Helps break the ATP into ADP + inorganic phosphate readying the myosin head to bind another active site
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D):
1. Ca2+ ions do not directly break down ATP into ADP + inorganic phosphate at the sarcomere.
2. This breakdown occurs through the enzymatic action of myosin ATPase.
3. Ca2+ ions primarily bind to troponin to initiate muscle contraction by moving tropomyosin.
4. Ca2+ ions help expose active sites on actin, facilitating cross-bridge formation.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Correct - Ca2+ binds to troponin to move tropomyosin, not to uncover it.
B. Correct - Ca2+ aids in exposing active sites on actin, not troponin.
C. Correct - Ca2+ is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, but it is released into the cytoplasm to trigger muscle contraction, not stored in the terminal cisternae.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. On physical assessment of the patient, what should the nurse expect to find?
- A. Hypertension, peripheral edema, and petechiae
- B. Weight loss, buffalo hump, and moon face with acne
- C. Abdominal and buttock striae, truncal obesity, and hypotension
- D. Anorexia, signs of dehydration, and hyperpigmentation of the skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cushing syndrome typically presents with signs such as hypertension, peripheral edema, petechiae, and striae due to the effects of excess cortisol.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. Controlling reproduction
- B. Regulating mood
- C. NONE OF THE ABOVE (All of the above are functions of hormones)
- D. Influencing growth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because all of the other choices are indeed functions of hormones.
A) Hormones play a crucial role in controlling reproduction by regulating the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and sperm production.
B) Hormones such as serotonin and dopamine have a direct impact on mood regulation and emotional well-being.
D) Hormones like growth hormone and thyroid hormones are essential in influencing growth and development.
Therefore, since all the other choices are valid functions of hormones, the correct answer is C, NONE OF THE ABOVE.
The endocrine gland responsible for the body's circadian rhythm is the:
- A. Thymus gland.
- B. Pineal gland.
- C. Parathyroid gland.
- D. Pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pineal gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's circadian rhythm, including sleep-wake cycles. This gland is sensitive to light and darkness, influencing the body's internal clock.
A: Thymus gland is responsible for immune function, not circadian rhythm.
C: Parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in the body, not circadian rhythm.
D: Pituitary gland controls various other hormones but not specifically circadian rhythm.