Nokea
The clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones are the:
- A. Nodules.
- B. Islets of Langerhans.
- C. Pancreatic medulla.
- D. Pancreatic cortex.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Islets of Langerhans. These are clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for producing hormones like insulin and glucagon. The islets regulate blood sugar levels. Nodules (A) are not specific to the pancreas. Pancreatic medulla (C) and pancreatic cortex (D) do not refer to the specific clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones.
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Hyoscine is one of the most effective drugs for preventing motion sickness, but may cause photophobia or blurred vision. Which is the most similar prototype drug?
- A. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- B. Propranolol
- C. Atropine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Hyoscine is an antimuscarinic drug used for motion sickness.
Step 2: Atropine is a similar prototype drug as it also belongs to the antimuscarinic class.
Step 3: Atropine, like hyoscine, can cause photophobia and blurred vision.
Step 4: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (A) are not related to antimuscarinic drugs.
Step 5: Propranolol (B) is a beta-blocker and not an antimuscarinic drug.
Step 6: Bethanechol (D) is a muscarinic agonist, opposite in action to antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine and atropine.
Which of the following is associated with hyperthyroidism?
- A. Weight gain
- B. Dry skin
- C. Heat intolerance
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland.
2. Heat intolerance is a common symptom due to increased metabolic rate.
3. Weight gain is associated with hypothyroidism, not hyperthyroidism.
4. Dry skin is more commonly seen in hypothyroidism.
5. Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not typical in hyperthyroidism.
Summary:
Choice C, heat intolerance, is associated with hyperthyroidism due to increased metabolic activity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are more commonly associated with hypothyroidism or other conditions.
A 66-year-old female with a long history of heavy smoking presents to her doctor with complaints of shortness of breath and chronic coughing that has been present for about 2 years and has been worsening in frequency. The doctor decides to prescribe a bronchodilator agent that has minimal cardiac side effects, since the patient also has an extensive cardiac history. Which medication did the doctor likely prescribe?
- A. Albuterol
- B. Prazosin
- C. Atenolol
- D. Ipratropium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ipratropium. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic bronchodilator that has minimal cardiac side effects. It is commonly used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. In this case, the patient's history of heavy smoking, shortness of breath, and chronic coughing suggests a respiratory condition like COPD. Albuterol (choice A) is a short-acting beta-agonist bronchodilator that can have cardiac side effects such as palpitations and increased heart rate. Prazosin (choice B) is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension and has no bronchodilator effects. Atenolol (choice C) is a beta-blocker used for hypertension and can worsen bronchospasm in patients with respiratory conditions. Therefore, the doctor likely prescribed Ipratropium to address the patient's respiratory symptoms while minimizing cardiac side effects.
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
- A. insulin
- B. aldosterone
- C. glucagon
- D. cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a key role in regulating electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids. It specifically acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water while promoting the excretion of potassium. This helps to maintain the balance of electrolytes in the body. Insulin, glucagon, and cortisol do not directly regulate electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels, glucagon regulates glucose release from the liver, and cortisol is involved in stress response and metabolism. Therefore, aldosterone is the most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids.
Which produces the majority of salivary volume?
- A. lingual glands
- B. sublingual
- C. parotid
- D. submandibular
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, submandibular glands, as they produce the majority of salivary volume. These glands are the largest of the major salivary glands and secrete saliva rich in enzymes and mucin, contributing significantly to the total saliva volume. The lingual glands (A) are minor salivary glands located in the tongue and contribute a small portion of saliva. The sublingual glands (B) are also minor salivary glands located beneath the tongue, producing a smaller volume compared to the submandibular glands. The parotid glands (C) are another major salivary gland, but they produce a lesser volume of saliva compared to the submandibular glands.