Nokea
The endocrine gland(s) that sits on top of the kidneys and secretes both metabolic stabilizers and stress regulators:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and secrete hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which play a key role in regulating metabolism and responding to stress. The pancreas (A) primarily regulates blood sugar levels. The thyroid gland (C) regulates metabolism and growth. The pituitary gland (D) controls several other endocrine glands but is not located on top of the kidneys and does not secrete metabolic stabilizers and stress regulators.
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Which of the following is NOT true of Cushing syndrome?
- A. trunk (torso) becomes obese
- B. basic blood pH
- C. moon-shaped face
- D. hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Cushing syndrome is characterized by hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, not hyposecretion.
2. Option D states hyposecretion, which is incorrect for Cushing syndrome.
3. Trunk obesity, moon-shaped face, and alkalosis (basic blood pH) are characteristic features of Cushing syndrome.
4. Thus, option D is the correct answer because it is not a true characteristic of Cushing syndrome.
Summary:
Option D is incorrect because Cushing syndrome is associated with hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, not hyposecretion. Options A, B, and C are true characteristics of Cushing syndrome, making them incorrect choices.
The production and release of hormones caused by a chemical such as calcium is a _____ mechanism.
- A. humoral
- B. neural
- C. sensory
- D. hormonal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: humoral. Humoral regulation refers to the control of physiological processes by substances in the blood, such as hormones. In this case, the production and release of hormones in response to a chemical like calcium is an example of humoral mechanism. This choice is correct because it specifically involves the blood-borne substances affecting hormone production.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because neural regulation (B) involves the nervous system controlling physiological processes, sensory regulation (C) refers to sensory input influencing responses, and hormonal regulation (D) involves feedback loops within the endocrine system, not directly related to blood-borne substances like calcium.
The nurse has to assess a client's mental and emotional status before he or she can begin therapy for treatment of an endocrine disorder. Which of the following can be tested to assess the client's mental and emotional status?
- A. Ability to respond to questions
- B. Motor function
- C. Sleep and awake cycles
- D. Facial expression
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Assessing a client's ability to respond to questions helps evaluate cognitive function, which is important for understanding their mental and emotional status.
The anterior pituitary gland:
- A. is called the neurohypophysis.
- B. releases ADH and oxytocin.
- C. secretes releasing hormones.
- D. is connected to the hypothalamus by the portal capillaries.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the portal capillaries.
2. This connection allows for the transport of releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
3. Releasing hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to release specific hormones.
4. This communication pathway is essential for regulating hormone production and maintaining homeostasis.
Summary of other choices:
A: Incorrect. The neurohypophysis refers to the posterior pituitary, not the anterior pituitary.
B: Incorrect. ADH and oxytocin are released from the posterior pituitary, not the anterior pituitary.
C: Incorrect. Releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus, not the anterior pituitary.
Peptide hormones _______________.
- A. are hydrophilic
- B. cannot enter the target cell
- C. bind to a receptor on the cell surface
- D. all of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because peptide hormones are hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, so they bind to receptors on the cell surface to initiate signaling pathways within the cell. Therefore, they are unable to enter the target cell like lipid-soluble hormones do. By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, peptide hormones trigger a series of events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. Therefore, all of the given statements are true, making D the correct choice.