Nokea
Narcolepsy is treated with:
- A. Amphetamine
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Isoprenaline
- D. Salbutamol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that helps manage narcolepsy symptoms by promoting wakefulness. It increases levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, enhancing alertness. Adrenaline (B), Isoprenaline (C), and Salbutamol (D) are not typically used to treat narcolepsy as they do not directly target the underlying cause of excessive daytime sleepiness. Adrenaline and Isoprenaline are more commonly used for acute situations like anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator used for conditions like asthma.
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Complete the following sentence: Lipid-soluble hormones are…
- A. Constantly produced within the anterior pituitary gland and released into the blood stream
- B. Hydrophilic and are transported in an un-conjugated form in the blood
- C. Interact with intracellular receptors and evoke changes in gene expression
- D. Formed from amino acids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because lipid-soluble hormones can freely diffuse through cell membranes to interact with intracellular receptors, leading to changes in gene expression. This mechanism is characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones. Choice A is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not constantly produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Choice B is incorrect as lipid-soluble hormones are hydrophobic, not hydrophilic, and are often transported bound to carrier proteins in the blood. Choice D is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not formed from amino acids; rather, they are derived from cholesterol or similar compounds.
Regarding parathyroid glands, All the following statements are true Except:
- A. They are four small yellowish brown ovoid glands
- B. They lie in relation to the posterior border of thyroid lobes
- C. Release of its hormones is controlled by pituitary gland
- D. Its hormone controls blood calcium level
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the release of hormones by the parathyroid glands is actually controlled by the levels of calcium in the blood, not by the pituitary gland.
A: True - Parathyroid glands are four small yellowish brown ovoid glands.
B: True - They lie in relation to the posterior border of thyroid lobes.
D: True - The hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone (PTH), controls blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing the absorption of calcium from the intestines.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. Controlling reproduction
- B. Regulating mood
- C. NONE OF THE ABOVE (All of the above are functions of hormones)
- D. Influencing growth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because all of the other choices are indeed functions of hormones.
A) Hormones play a crucial role in controlling reproduction by regulating the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and sperm production.
B) Hormones such as serotonin and dopamine have a direct impact on mood regulation and emotional well-being.
D) Hormones like growth hormone and thyroid hormones are essential in influencing growth and development.
Therefore, since all the other choices are valid functions of hormones, the correct answer is C, NONE OF THE ABOVE.
Which of the following drugs does not pass the blood-brain barrier:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Clonidine
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Guanethidine. Guanethidine is a quaternary amine, which prevents it from passing the blood-brain barrier due to its charge. The blood-brain barrier is selective and only allows certain molecules to pass through. In contrast, choices A, B, and C (Ephedrine, Propranolol, Clonidine) are all capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to some extent due to their chemical properties. Ephedrine is a weak base, Propranolol is lipophilic, and Clonidine is relatively small in size, allowing them to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by all but:
- A. luminal peptides
- B. vagal discharge
- C. luminal acid
- D. phenylalanine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Gastrin secretion is primarily stimulated by luminal peptides and vagal discharge, which promote gastric acid secretion. Luminal acid, on the other hand, inhibits gastrin release as it acts as a negative feedback mechanism to regulate acid production. Phenylalanine does not directly stimulate gastrin secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is C as luminal acid inhibits, not stimulates, gastrin release. The other choices are incorrect because luminal peptides and vagal discharge are known stimulants of gastrin secretion, while phenylalanine does not have a direct effect on gastrin release.