Nokea
The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT:
- A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal
- B. stimulation of gastric acid secretion
- C. stimulation of gastric motility
- D. contraction of gastro-oesophageal junction musculature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gastrin primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, not insulin secretion. Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach, leading to increased gastric acid production and motility to aid in digestion. Insulin secretion is mainly regulated by glucose levels in the blood and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Therefore, the stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal is not a direct action of gastrin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they accurately describe the actions of gastrin in the digestive system.
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Which statement explains why elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties?
- A. They have different numbers of protons.
- B. They have the same number of neutrons.
- C. They have the same number of electron shells.
- D. They have the same number of outer-shell electrons.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. Elements in the same group have similar outer electron configurations.
2. Outer-shell electrons determine chemical properties.
3. Having the same number of outer-shell electrons leads to similar chemical behaviors.
4. This is due to similar valence electron interactions in chemical reactions.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Protons do not determine chemical properties in the same group.
B: Incorrect. Neutrons do not affect chemical properties in the same group.
C: Incorrect. Having the same number of electron shells does not guarantee similar chemical properties.
A patient with Graves' disease asks the nurse what caused the disorder. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. The cause of Graves' disease is not known, although it is thought to be genetic.
- B. It is usually associated with goiter formation from an iodine deficiency over a long period of time.
- C. Antibodies develop against thyroid tissue and destroy it, causing a deficiency of thyroid hormones.
- D. In genetically susceptible persons, antibodies are formed that cause excessive thyroid hormone secretion.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Graves' disease is caused by antibodies stimulating the thyroid to produce excessive thyroid hormones in genetically predisposed individuals.
A 72-year-old woman is diagnosed with diabetes. What does the nurse recognize about the management of diabetes in the older adult?
- A. It is more difficult to achieve strict glucose control than in younger patients.
- B. It usually is not treated unless the patient becomes severely hyperglycemic.
- C. It does not include treatment with insulin because of limited dexterity and vision.
- D. It usually requires that a younger family member be responsible for care of the patient
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In older adults, achieving strict glucose control may be more difficult due to factors such as comorbidities, polypharmacy, and decreased physiological reserve.
Priority Decision: The nurse is assessing a newly admitted diabetic patient. Which observation should be addressed as the priority by the nurse?
- A. Bilateral numbness of both hands
- B. Rapid respirations with deep inspiration
- C. Stage II pressure ulcer on the right heel
- D. Areas of lumps and dents on the abdomen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rapid respirations with deep inspiration may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a medical emergency.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________.
- A. an increase in calcitonin
- B. an increase in ADH
- C. an increase in the growth hormone in an adult
- D. an increase in the parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by an increase in the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevated PTH levels lead to increased calcium release from bones, resulting in bone resorption and cyst formation. Other choices (A) calcitonin, (B) ADH, and (C) growth hormone do not directly impact calcium metabolism and bone resorption like PTH does.