Nokea
The clinic nurse taught foot care to an outpatient diabetic. The nurse can evaluate the effectiveness of her teaching on his next visit by observing for
- A. colored socks
- B. corns
- C. straight toenails
- D. dermatophytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Corns can indicate improper foot care, and this is a sign the patient may not be following the recommended foot care practices.
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The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT:
- A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal
- B. stimulation of gastric acid secretion
- C. stimulation of gastric motility
- D. contraction of gastro-oesophageal junction musculature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gastrin primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, not insulin secretion. Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach, leading to increased gastric acid production and motility to aid in digestion. Insulin secretion is mainly regulated by glucose levels in the blood and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Therefore, the stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal is not a direct action of gastrin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they accurately describe the actions of gastrin in the digestive system.
Pilocarpine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Increased salivary secretion
- B. Glaucoma
- C. Intestinal colic
- D. Cardiac arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glaucoma. Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist that works by causing constriction of the pupil and increasing the outflow of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Increased salivary secretion (A) is a side effect of pilocarpine use. Pilocarpine is not indicated for treating intestinal colic (C) or cardiac arrhythmias (D).
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
- A. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
- B. The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility.
- C. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
- D. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for sperm production in males.
Step 2: FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary gland.
Step 3: In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support sperm production.
Step 4: Therefore, if a man is not synthesizing enough FSH, it can lead to reduced sperm production and fertility issues.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - FSH is synthesized by males in the anterior pituitary gland, not just females for estrogen secretion.
B: Incorrect - Hormones produced in the adenohypophysis, like FSH, play a crucial role in fertility.
D: Incorrect - Progesterone does not inhibit the synthesis of FSH; it is involved in the female reproductive system, not male fertility.
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by all but:
- A. luminal peptides
- B. vagal discharge
- C. luminal acid
- D. phenylalanine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Gastrin secretion is primarily stimulated by luminal peptides and vagal discharge, which promote gastric acid secretion. Luminal acid, on the other hand, inhibits gastrin release as it acts as a negative feedback mechanism to regulate acid production. Phenylalanine does not directly stimulate gastrin secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is C as luminal acid inhibits, not stimulates, gastrin release. The other choices are incorrect because luminal peptides and vagal discharge are known stimulants of gastrin secretion, while phenylalanine does not have a direct effect on gastrin release.
The following plant alkaloids give derivatives which are used to treat migraine:
- A. Vinca alkaloids
- B. Digitalis glycosides
- C. Stramonium alkaloids
- D. Ergot alkaloids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ergot alkaloids. Ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, are known to be effective in treating migraines by constricting blood vessels in the brain. This helps to reduce the intensity of migraine headaches. Vinca alkaloids (A) are used in cancer treatment, digitalis glycosides (B) in heart conditions, and stramonium alkaloids (C) in asthma and spasms, but they are not commonly associated with migraine treatment.