Nokea
Ketoacidosis is most related to:
- A. adrenocortical insufficiency.
- B. Cushing syndrome.
- C. excess fatty acid catabolism.
- D. hyperglycemia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ketoacidosis is most related to excess fatty acid catabolism. During this process, the body breaks down fatty acids into ketones, leading to an accumulation of ketones in the blood and causing metabolic acidosis. Adrenocortical insufficiency (A) is related to cortisol deficiency, not ketoacidosis. Cushing syndrome (B) is associated with excess cortisol production, not ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels and is not directly related to the mechanism of ketoacidosis.
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The clinic nurse taught foot care to an outpatient diabetic. The nurse can evaluate the effectiveness of her teaching on his next visit by observing for
- A. colored socks
- B. corns
- C. straight toenails
- D. dermatophytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Corns can indicate improper foot care, and this is a sign the patient may not be following the recommended foot care practices.
When blood calcium levels are high, ____ is released from the thyroid gland to deposit the excess calcium into the bones.
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. calcitonin
- C. oxytocin
- D. glucagon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calcitonin is the correct answer because it is released from the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels to deposit the excess calcium into the bones, decreasing blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone (A) works in the opposite way, increasing blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones. Oxytocin (C) is a hormone involved in labor and breastfeeding, not calcium regulation. Glucagon (D) is released from the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels, not calcium levels. Therefore, calcitonin is the most suitable choice for regulating high blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in the bones.
Which of the following drugs does not pass the blood-brain barrier:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Clonidine
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Guanethidine. Guanethidine is a quaternary amine, which prevents it from passing the blood-brain barrier due to its charge. The blood-brain barrier is selective and only allows certain molecules to pass through. In contrast, choices A, B, and C (Ephedrine, Propranolol, Clonidine) are all capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to some extent due to their chemical properties. Ephedrine is a weak base, Propranolol is lipophilic, and Clonidine is relatively small in size, allowing them to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Which conditions would give the results shown in diagrams X and Y?
- A. carbon dioxide, 25°C, oxygen, 25°C
- B. carbon dioxide, 2°C, oxygen, 2°C
- C. oxygen, 25°C, carbon dioxide, 25°C
- D. oxygen, 2°C, carbon dioxide, 2°C
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because diagram X shows an increase in oxygen concentration over time, which indicates photosynthesis occurring. In photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Therefore, the conditions of oxygen at 25°C and carbon dioxide at 25°C would support this process. Choices A, B, and D have incorrect combinations of temperature and gases that would not result in the observed increase in oxygen concentration in diagram X.
Which is NOT produced by the citric acid cycle?
- A. NAD+
- B. CO2
- C. GTP
- D. FADH2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: NAD+ is a reactant in the citric acid cycle, not a product.
Step 2: NAD+ is reduced to NADH during the cycle.
Step 3: NAD+ is not directly produced as a final product in the cycle.
Step 4: Therefore, A: NAD+ is NOT produced by the citric acid cycle.
Summary: B: CO2 and D: FADH2 are produced in the cycle, while C: GTP is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation.