Nokea
The endocrine gland responsible for the body's circadian rhythm is the:
- A. Thymus gland.
- B. Pineal gland.
- C. Parathyroid gland.
- D. Pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pineal gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's circadian rhythm, including sleep-wake cycles. This gland is sensitive to light and darkness, influencing the body's internal clock.
A: Thymus gland is responsible for immune function, not circadian rhythm.
C: Parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in the body, not circadian rhythm.
D: Pituitary gland controls various other hormones but not specifically circadian rhythm.
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Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?
- A. assertiveness
- B. antagonism
- C. synergism
- D. permissiveness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: permissiveness. Permissiveness is when one hormone enables another hormone to fully exert its effects. The rationale is as follows:
1. Permissiveness allows a hormone to work effectively only when another hormone is present to "permit" its action.
2. Assertiveness (A) and antagonism (B) do not involve the requirement of another hormone for full effect.
3. Synergism (C) involves two hormones working together for a greater effect, but they can still exert some effect individually.
In summary, permissiveness is the only option where a hormone cannot exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone.
State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.
The cluster of cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones are:
- A. Nodules
- B. Islets of Langerhans
- C. Pancreatic medulla
- D. Pancreatic cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Islets of Langerhans contain different types of cells that regulate blood sugar levels. Nodules (A), pancreatic medulla (C), and pancreatic cortex (D) are not associated with hormone secretion in the pancreas. Nodules are more general and not specific to the pancreas, while pancreatic medulla and cortex do not house the endocrine cells responsible for hormone secretion.
Tropic hormones:
- A. stimulate the pineal gland to secrete hormones
- B. stimulate the thymus gland to secrete hormones
- C. stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
- D. stimulate nervous tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones. Tropic hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland and act on target glands to regulate the secretion of specific hormones. They help maintain homeostasis by controlling hormone levels in the body. Choices A and B are incorrect because tropic hormones do not target the pineal gland or thymus gland. Choice D is incorrect because tropic hormones primarily target endocrine glands, not nervous tissue. In summary, tropic hormones play a key role in regulating hormone production in other endocrine glands, making choice C the correct answer.
The only insulin that can be administered intravenously is
- A. Lente
- B. Semi-Lente
- C. regular
- D. NPH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Only regular insulin is approved for intravenous administration due to its rapid onset and shorter duration of action.