Nokea
Pilocarpine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Increased salivary secretion
- B. Glaucoma
- C. Intestinal colic
- D. Cardiac arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glaucoma. Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist that works by causing constriction of the pupil and increasing the outflow of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Increased salivary secretion (A) is a side effect of pilocarpine use. Pilocarpine is not indicated for treating intestinal colic (C) or cardiac arrhythmias (D).
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What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Pancreas
- C. Ovaries
- D. Adrenal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone. The other choices are incorrect because the pituitary gland is located in the brain, the pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity, and the ovaries are located in the pelvic region. The adrenal glands are the only glands located just superior to the kidneys, making choice D the correct answer.
At the skeletal muscle sarcomere, Ca2+ ions do each of the following, except:
- A. Bind to troponin to help uncover tropomyosin
- B. Help expose active sites on actin strands
- C. Is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum at terminal cisternae
- D. Helps break the ATP into ADP + inorganic phosphate readying the myosin head to bind another active site
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D):
1. Ca2+ ions do not directly break down ATP into ADP + inorganic phosphate at the sarcomere.
2. This breakdown occurs through the enzymatic action of myosin ATPase.
3. Ca2+ ions primarily bind to troponin to initiate muscle contraction by moving tropomyosin.
4. Ca2+ ions help expose active sites on actin, facilitating cross-bridge formation.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Correct - Ca2+ binds to troponin to move tropomyosin, not to uncover it.
B. Correct - Ca2+ aids in exposing active sites on actin, not troponin.
C. Correct - Ca2+ is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, but it is released into the cytoplasm to trigger muscle contraction, not stored in the terminal cisternae.
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.
- A. ions
- B. deactivators
- C. nucleotides
- D. second messengers
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: second messengers. Protein or amino acid-based hormones are unable to pass through the cell membrane due to their large size and hydrophilic nature. Therefore, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, triggering a series of events that lead to the production of second messengers inside the cell. These second messengers, such as cyclic AMP or calcium ions, then transmit the hormonal signal to the target cell's interior to initiate a physiological response. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because protein or amino acid-based hormones do not directly exert their effects through ions, deactivators, or nucleotides intracellularly.
The following plant alkaloids give derivatives which are used to treat migraine:
- A. Vinca alkaloids
- B. Digitalis glycosides
- C. Stramonium alkaloids
- D. Ergot alkaloids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ergot alkaloids. Ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, are known to be effective in treating migraines by constricting blood vessels in the brain. This helps to reduce the intensity of migraine headaches. Vinca alkaloids (A) are used in cancer treatment, digitalis glycosides (B) in heart conditions, and stramonium alkaloids (C) in asthma and spasms, but they are not commonly associated with migraine treatment.
The nurse has to assess a client's mental and emotional status before he or she can begin therapy for treatment of an endocrine disorder. Which of the following can be tested to assess the client's mental and emotional status?
- A. Ability to respond to questions
- B. Motor function
- C. Sleep and awake cycles
- D. Facial expression
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Assessing a client's ability to respond to questions helps evaluate cognitive function, which is important for understanding their mental and emotional status.